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HORSE-TRAmiNG  MADE  EASY. 

BEING 

A  NEW  AND  PRACTICAL  SYSTEM  OF  TEACHING 
AND  EDUCATING  THE  HORSE. 

BEAUTIFULLY  ILLUSTRATED  WITH  FORTY-FOUR  ENGRAVINGS. 

WHIP-TRAINING, 

OR,  HOW  TO  DRIVE  WITHOUT  REINS ;  HOW 
TO  MAKE  A  HORSE  TROT  HONEST,  &c. 

By  ROBERT-  JENNINGS, 

VETERINARY  SURGEON ;    PROFESSOR  OF  PATHOLOGY  AND  SURGERY  IN  THE 

VETERINARY  COLLEGE,  PHILADELPRIA :    LECTURER  ON  VETERINARY 

MEDICINE  IN  THE  AGRICULTURAL  COLLEGE,  PA. ;   AUTHOR  OF 

"  THE  HORSE  AND  HIS  DISEASES,"  '"  CATTLE  AND  THEIR 

DISEASES,"  "  SHEEP,  SWINE,  AND  POULTRY," 

ETC.,  ETC. 

TO  WHICH  IS  APPENDED, 

AN  ESSAY  ON  SHOEING; 

ALSO, 

THE  SYMPTOMS  AND  TREATMENT  OF  THE  VARIOUS 

DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE,  EMBRACING  A  FULL 

AND  COMPLETE  HISTORY  OF  GLANDERS. 

PHILADELPHIA: 

PUBLISHED  BY  JOHN  E.  POTTER  &  CO., 

NO.  617  SANSOM  STREET. 
1866. 


M 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1866,  by 

ROBERT  JENNINGS,  V.  S. 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for 
the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


PREFACE. 

The  art  of  training  horses  has,  until  within  the  last  few 
years,  been  attended  with  much  cruelty  and  bad  manage- 
ment. The  system  known  as  Rarey's,  though  practised 
in  this  country  for  many  years,  was  made  popular  by  Mr. 
J.  S.  Rarey,  to  whom  we  willingly  accord  all  the  credit 
which  is  justly  due  him.  His  success  has  given  a  new 
impulse  to  the  inventive  minds  of  horsemen;  and,  like 
almost  all  other  discoveries,  the  original  is  lost  sight  of  in 
the  improvements  which  follow  it.  The  Rarey  system  is 
one  purely  of  subjugation  and  exhaustion;  the  spirit  of  the 
animal  is  thus  often  broken.  On  the  contrary,  our  new 
system  is  one  of  education,  embracing  the  practical  portions 
of  all  the  various  systems  known  to  man,  from  that  of  Sul- 
livan the  Irish  whisperer,  down  to  the  more  modern  systems 
of  the  present  day.  The  animal  is  first  taught  what  is 
required  of  him,  and,  as  soon  as  he  is  made  to  understand, 
he  becomes  a  willing  subject.  To  attempt  to  force  him  to 
do  that  which  he  does  not  comprehend,  is  to  excite  him 
to  resistance,  a  circumstance  always  to  be  avoided;  henco 
the  many  baulky,  kicking,  and  otherwise  unruly  horses. 

The  Rarey  system  requires  a  man  of  nerve  and  deter- 
mination to  handle  a  horse  successfully,  which  requisites 
few  men  possess.  Ours  enables  a  boy  fifteen  or  sixteen 
years  of  age  to  handle,  and  break  to  harness,  the  wildest 
animal.  Strength  and  courage  are  not  essential;  but 
patience,  perseverance,  and  kindness  are  required.  The 
man  who  is  void  of  patience  cannot  control  and  win  the 
confidence  of  his  horse. 

There  is  no  other  system  known  to  man  by  which  a  horse 
can  be  trained  to  drive  without  bridle,  bit,  or  reins,  guided 
simply  by  motions  of  the  whip.  This  principle  is  so  simple, 
that  any  intelligent  person  can  practise  it  successfully  on 
any  intelligent  horse.  To  make  a  horse  trot  honest  is  also 
part  of  our  system,  it  being  original  with  us.  We  have 
1*  (5) 


VI  PREFACE. 

never  known  it  fail.  In  March,  1S65,  I  presented  this 
subject  to  the  consideration  of  the  Philadelphia  Society 
for  Promoting  Agriculture,  and  to  the  Philadelphia  Riding 
Club,  both  of  which  institutions  highly  indorse  it.  Within 
the  last  year  it  has  been  greatly  modified  and  improved, 
rendering  it  the  most  complete  and  practical  system  ever 
presented  to  the  public. 

To  Messrs.  Magner  &  Dudley,  and  to  Messrs.  Rockwell 
&  Hurlburt,  we  acknowledge  our  indebtedness  for  valuable 
suggestions  voluntarily  offered  us  ;  also  to  Mr.  J.  E.  Potter, 
Publisher,  for  the  use  of  seven  of  our  illustrations  from 
the  author's  work,  "The  Horse  and  his  Diseases." 

The  subject  of  shoeing  horses,  being  one  of  great  import- 
ance to  horse-owners  generally,. has  been  duly  considered. 
Twenty  years'  active  practice  as  a  veterinary  surgeon,  has 
enabled  us  to  detect  many  errors  in  the  present  system 
of  shoeing,  and  to  suggest  improvements  which  have 
proved  of  great  service  in  remedying,  in  a  measure,  the 
evils  of  the  present  mode  of  shoeing.  The  bad  efieets  of 
careless  shoeing  are  fully  demonstrated.  We  ask  of  the 
smith  a  fair  and  candid  trial  of  our  principle,  and  we  will 
abide  the  issue.       « 

The  want  of  veterinary  surgeons  in  most  sections  of  the 
United  States,  and  the  urgent  desire  of  many  friends,  has 
induced  us  to  add  to  this  work  plain  and  simple  directions 
for  the  treatment  of  the  various  diseases  of  that  noble 
ianimal,  including  a  full  and  complete  history  of  that  ter- 
rible and  loathsome  disease.  Glanders;  proving  its  con- 
tagious character  and  ready  communication  from  horse  to 
horse,  and  from  horse  to  man.  Under  present  circumstances, 
man  cannot  become  too  familiar  with  this  dreadful  disease. 

This  pamphlet  was  published  by  the  author,  and  dis- 
tributed gratuitously  by  the  Philadelphia  Agricultural 
Society,  Pa.,  and  the  Burlington  County  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, N.  J.  The  demand  being  several  thousands  more 
than  the  supply,  is  our  motive  in  republishing  it  entire;  all 
who  wish  it  will  now  have  an  opportunity  of  obtaining  it. 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

ITints  on  Training  Horses, 13 

The  Rope  Halter,  20 

The  Cord, 21 

The  Line  Webbing, 2:? 

Habits  of  the  Horse,  24 

Kiclving  in  the  Stable,  24 

Kicking  agiiinst  tlie  side  of  the  Stall 25 

Kicldng  while  Harnessing, 26 

Kicking  while  Grooming,  27 

Kicking  in  Single  Harness,  27 

Kicking  in  Double  Harness, 29 

Kicking  while  Shoeing, 30 

Ugly  to  Shoe  Front, 32 

Striking, 33 

Baulking, 34 

Shying, 35 

Weaving,  37 

Cribbing,  38 

Biting  Horses,   39 

Kunning  Away,  41 

Tgly  to  Bridle, 49 

Lolling  the  Tongue,  50 

Hugging  the  Pole,   51 

To  make  a  Horse  trot  honest,  52 

Halter  Pulling,   54 

Objects  of  Fear,  56 

Haltering  the  Colt, fi2 

Hitching  the  Colt,   <)4 

Training  Colts  to  Harness, 66 

Whoa,  67 

Learning  to  Back,  ^^8 

Hitching  to  the  Wagon,  70 

Bitting  the  Colt,  71 

To  add  Style,   73 

Mounting  the  Colt, 74 

Riding  the  Colt, 74 

Whip  Training, 75 

The  Short  Strap,  78 

.The  Long  Strap,   80 

i  To  teach  a  Colt  to  follow  you,  80 

To  teach  a  Colt  to  lie  down, 80 

To  teach  a  Colt  to  sit  up, 85 

To  make  a  Bow, 85 

To  answer  Questions,  86 

To  Kiss  vou,  86 

To  shake  Hands,  87 

(7) 


8 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

To  Kick  with  the  right  or  left  Foot, 87 

Learning  to  Waltz, 88 

Hints  upon  Shoeing, 91 

Preparing  the  Foot,  ,. 95 

Application  of  the  Shoe, 96 

Clips,  97 

Interfering, 97 

Overreaching,   98 

Shoeing  Horses  with  Corns, 99 

Stopping  the  Feet,  100 

Things  worth  knowing, 100 

Diseases  of  the  Horse — 

Inilaramation,  Sthenic  and  Asthenic  Inflammation,  104 

Terminations  of  Inflammation, 105 

Lampas;  Bags  or  Washers,  106 

Sore  Mouth;  Ulcers  in  the  Mouth, 107 

Wolf  Teeth, 108 

Irregular  Teeth;  Caries  of  the  Teeth, 109 

Diseases  of  the  Eye;  Amaurosis,  or  Glass  Eye,  110 

Inflammation  of  the  Haw ;  Simple  Ophthalmia, Ill 

Specific  Ophthalmia;  Cataract;  Distemper, 112 

Sore  Throat;  Strangles,  113 

Influenza,  114 

Bronchitis;  Nasal  Gleet, 115 

Pleurisy, 116 

Inflammation  of  the  Lungs  ;  Congestive  Pneumonia,  117 

Hydrothorax ;  Heaves,  or  Broken  Wind, 118 

Palpitation  of  the  Heart;  Inflammation  of  the  Brain, 119 

Stomach  Staggers ;  Inflammation  of  the  Bowels,  ._ 120 

Colic, 121 

Diarrhoea;  Worms, 122 

Retention  of  Urine,   ; 123 

Profuse  Staling, 124 

Bloody  Urine;  Calculi,  or  Stone  in  the  Bladder, 125 

Hide  Bound;  Mange;  Surfeit,  ....v 126 

Poll  Evil, , 127 

Fistula  of  Withers ;  Water  Farcy;  Locked  Jaw,  '..*.  128' 

Rheumatism;  Cramp,  ISO 

Founder, 131 

Pumiced  Feet;  Navicular  Joint  Lameness, .'  132 

Ossification  of  the  Lateral  Cartilages,  133 

Quitar;  Thrush,   I34 

Scratches;  Grease  Heels,  .'..!.".'..!.!!.*.!,*!.."'.'.','..'  135 

Bone  Spavin;  Blood  Spavin '.  136 

Ring-bone;  Splint;  Curb;  Capped  Hock, "...  137 

Shoulder  Strain;  Galls, 138 

^varts, ."...!!...."!!!....."!!.".!.*  139 

Castrating  Colts, I39 

Essay  on  Glanders,  !.'.!'.'..'."!!'."!."."!!!!!!.'.'.*.'."  141 

Valuable  Receipts, !...!..........."."!..."!!!!!!!!!  181 


BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTICE.     * 


Dr.  Robert  Jennings  was  born  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia,  on  the  28th  day  of  December, 
1824,  of  English  parents.  As  soon  as  he  was^ 
able  to  comprehend  anything,  his  love  and  admi- 
ration for  the  noblest  of  all  the  animal  creation 
(excepting  man  himself),  the  horse,  was  the  subject 
of  general  remark  by  his  friends.  As  he  grew 
in  years,  this  passion  became  almost  a  mania.  In 
the  year  1832  his  parents  removed  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Mount  Holly,  where  he  had  frequent 
opportunities  of  gratifying  his  passion.  His  daily 
haunts  Were  the  stables  of  the  village.  Young 
and  sprightly  animals  were  the  chief  objects  of 
his  attraction.  In  the  year  1836  his  father  died. 
By  this  event  he  was  thrown  upon  the  world  to 
seek  his  own  living.  Having  obtained  a  situation 
for  him  as  errand  boy  in  a  store,  his  mother  sent 
him  to  the  city;  this  did  not  suit  his  inclinations, 
and  he  soon  changed  his  occupation,  engaging  in  ♦ 
a  printing  ofl&ce;  the  business  still  not  suiting 
his  tastes,  he  tried  the  confectionery  business; 
still  not  satisfied,  his  uncle,  Frederick  Jennings, 
took  him  to  his  country  seat,  where  he  remained 

(9) 


10  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH. 

until  tlie  following  fall,  wLen  his  uncle  put  him 
out  to  learn  the  coppersmithing  business.  Dissatis- 
fied with  this  also,  he  turned  his  attention  to  the 
surgical  instrument  case  making  business,  at 
which  he  remained  until  the  spring  of  1842. 
Bqpoming  dissatisfied  he  went  to  New  York,  where 
he  found  employment  for  a  time  about  the  Bull's 
Head,  riding  and  handling  horses.  In  1844  he 
took  a  trip  with  a  drover  to  purchase  horses, 
returning  to  New  York  the  following  spring.  In 
the  summer  of  1845  he  returned  to  the  city  of 
"Philadelphia.  ^He  now  turned  his  attention  to  the 
study  of  medicine,  entering  the  oflBce  of  Dr.  James 
Bryan,  late  Prof,  in  the  Geneva  Medical  College, 
N.  Y.,  afterwards  Prof  of  Surgery  in  the  Phila- 
delphia Medical  College.  Soon  after  commencing 
his  medical  studies,  his  attention  was  called  to  a 
horse  sufi"ering  from  an  attack  of  colic.  Ofi"ering 
his  services  to  treat  it,  which  were  accepted,  the 
animal  soon  recovered  under  his  fostering  care. 
His  preceptor  soon  discovered  in  his  student,  his 
fondness  for  the  horse.  Being  naturally  fond  of 
that  noble  animal  himself,  frequent  conversations 
occurred  between  the  jDrofessor  and  his  student  res- 
pecting the  diseases  and  sufi"ering  of  this  faithful, 
non-complaining  servant  of  man.  His  thoughts 
now  began  to  turn  in  a  new  channel,  and,  prompted 
by  his  preceptor,  he  applied  himself  to  the  study 
of  veterinary  medicine  and  surgery  in  connection 
with  his  other  studies.  There  being  no  Veteri- 
nary Colleges  in  the  United  States,  and  not  having 
the  pecuniary  means  necessary  for  a  voyage  to 


BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH.  11 

Europe,  in  order  to  gain  a  tliorough  veterinary 
education,,  his  task  was  commenced  with  many 
difficulties  surrounding  him,  which  many  less 
sanguine  would  have  failed  to  combat.  In  1852 
Prof.  Jas.  Bryan,  Gren.  George  Cadwalader,  Prof. 
Wm.  Gibson,  M.D.,  John  Phillips,  M.  D.,Alfred 
L.  Elwyn,  M.  D.,  Hon.  Frederick  Watts,  Gen. 
George  M.  Keim,  James  Gowan,  Esq.,  Hon.  Geo. 
W.  Woodward,  Sketchley  Morton,  Esq,  Alonzo 
Potter,  D.  D.,  and  L.  L.  Ward,  Esq.,  obtained  a 
charter  from  the  Pennsylvania  State  Legislature 
for  a  veterinary  college,  to  be  located  in  the  city 
of  Philadelphia.  Kobert  Jennings  having  been 
the  recipient  of  an  honorary  diploma  from  the 
board  of  directors,  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
new  institution.  Not  meeting  with  the  encourage- 
ment which  the  enterprise  deserved,  the  college 
project  for  the  time  was  abandoned.  Dr.  R.  J. 
removed  from  Philadelphia  to  Cleveland,  in  the 
spring  of  1855,  to  fill  the  veterinary  department 
in  the  Agricultural  College  of  Ohio,  situated  at 
Cleveland  Heights,  Ohio  City,  under  the  charge 
of  Prof.  Norton  S.  Townsend,  M.  D.  For  three 
years  he  was  ardently  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
the  college,  without  any  pecuniary  remuneration. 
The  college  failing  to  receive  sufficient  support 
from  the  farmers  of  the  state,  applied  to  the 
Legislature  for  an  annual  appropriation,  which 
not  being  granted,  the  operations  of  the  Institution 
were  suspended.  In  the  winter  of  1858  Dr.  R. 
Jennings  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  with  the 
assistance  of  the  Philadelphia  Society  for  promo- 


12  BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH. 

ting  Agriculture,  and  that  of  his  friend  Geo.  W. 
Bowler,  V.  S.  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  commenced  the 
first  session  of  the  Veterinary  College  of  Phila- 
delphia, with  two  students,  Mr.  W.  A.  Wisdom, 
of  Delaware,  and  Jacob  Dilts,  of  New  Jersey. 
In  1860  he  gave  his  first  work  to  the  world, 
*'  The  Horse  and  his  Diseases,'*  which  was  very 
favourably  received  by  the  public.  Soon  after 
this  book  appeared,  he  was  oflPered  the  position 
as  lecturer  on  veterinary  medicine  and  surgery 
in  the  Agricultural  College,  Centre  county,  Penn- 
sylvania, which  position  he  holds  at  the  present 
time.  In  1862  his  second  work  was  published, 
*'  Cattle  and  their  Diseases,''  which  also  met  a 
favourable  reception  at  the  hands  of  the  public. 
In  1863  his  third  work  on  ''  Sheep,  Swine,  and, 
Poultry,"  made  its  appearance,  meeting  also  with 
a  favourable  reception.  During  his  professional 
career  he  has  studied  closely  the  disposition  of  the 
horse,  finding  it  as  variable  as  are  those  of  man; 
and  how  to  manage  them  successfully  and  easily 
has  been  his  main  object.  A  remarkable  trait 
in  his  character,  is  his  quicjc  temper  when  dealing 
with  men.  and  the  complete  control  of  that  passion 
when  handling  horses,  never  having  been  known 
to  become  excited  or  angry  with  a  horse  under 
any  circumstances. 


HOUSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY, 


HINTS   ON  TRAINING  HORSES. 

The  form,  proportions,  muscular  powers,  and 
swiftness  of  tte  horse,  combined  with  its  spirit, 
docility,  and  intelligence,  expressly  fit  it  for  the 
use  of  man.  It  is  alike  serviceable  for  draft  and 
the  saddle.  From  its  primeval  nursery  it  has 
radiated  in  all  directions ;  it  has  accompanied 
man  in  his  wanderings  over  the  world.  To  the 
industrious  inhabitant  of  the  thronged  city,  to 
the  agriculturist,  to  the  sportsman  who  follows 
the  chase  for  pleasure,  and  to  him  who  scours 
the  plains  in  quest  of  prey,  a  "  mighty  hunter 
before  the  Lord,"  this  noble,  beautiful,  but  too 
often  ill-treated  creature,  is  either  important  or 
essential.  It  performs  the  drudgery  of  toilsome 
servitude ;  it  draws  the  peaceful  plough,  and 
dashes  on  in  battle  amidst  withering  volleys  of 
musketry  and  the  clash  of  gleaming  swords.  Man 
owes  a  deep  debt  of  gratitude  to  the  horse,  and  is 
bound  to  acknowledge  his  sense  of  its  value  by 
humanity  and  kindness.  In  its  natural  state, 
the  horse  is  gregarious ;  and  in  domestication  it 
exhibits  the  same  propensity  to  associate  with  its 
fellows.  In  the  field  they  herd  together,  form 
2  (13) 


14  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

friendsTiips,  gambol  with  each  other,  and  rush  to 
the  fence  to  see  a  strange  horse  in  the  road, 
saluting  him  with  repeated  neighings.  So  de- 
cided is  the  disposition  of  the  horse  to  contract 
friendship,  that,  when  others  of  its  species  are 
not  accessible,  it  will  attach  itself  to  animals  of  a 
different  species.  Many  instances  of  mutual 
attachment  between  dogs  and  horses  have  been 
recorded.  English  Eclipse  contracted  a  strong 
friendship  with  a  sheep.  When  kindly  used,  the 
horse  will  demonstrate  towards  his  master  every 
mark  of  submissive  attachment.  There  are,  it  is 
true,  horses  of  a  sullen,  obstinate  temper,  which 
the  kindest  treatment  will  not  conciliate;  but 
these  are  exceptions  to  the  general  rule ;  many 
horses,  we  may  add,  have  their  temper  spoiled 
by  injudicious  or  wanton  severity,  in  which  case 
it  requires  patience  and  perseverance  to  reclaim 
them;  but  almost  universally,  where  kindness 
is  shown  to  the  horse,  his  attachment  will  be 
secured. 

In  the  tents  of  the  Arabian,  the  mares  with 
their  foals,  and  the  masters  with  their  families, 
dwell  all  together ;  the  master  caresses  his  favor- 
ite mare,  the  children  and  the  foal  play  together, 
and  the  utmost  confidence  exists  between  them. 
The  quiet  peaceful  companionship  of  horses  with 
each  other  does  not  obtain  among  the  stallions. 
In  a  wild  state,  they  have  furious  contests ;  and 
in  a  domestic  state,  stallions,  if  at  liberty,  will 
fight  desperately  with  each  other.  Twenty  years' 
experience  in  active  practice   has   afforded  the 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  15 

author  very  many  opportunities  of  studying  the 
disposition  of  the  horse,  and  how  to  manage  it  to 
the  best  advantage  has  been  his  special  study. 
That  the  horse  possesses  more  intelligence  than 
has  been  accredited  to  him  is  very  evident  from  his 
readiness  to  learn,  when  properly  instructed.  The 
feats  he  is  taught  to  perform  in  the  "  spectacles" 
of  the  modern  circus  fully  prove  this.  Knowledge 
of  time,  and  memory,  are  certainly  possessed  by 
the  horse,  as  a  thousand  instances  will  convince. 
A  horse  accustomed  to  commence  or  leave  off 
work  at  a  certain  hour  of  the  day,  well  knows 
the  respective  periods.  Well  does  the  farmer's 
team  know  the  hour  of  release  from  Jabor,  as  is 
shown  by  their  actions  when  hearing  the  horn  for 
dinner.  Taken  to  a  distance  from  home,  the 
horse  will  return,  finding  his  way  during  the 
darkest  night.  The  following,  taken  from  an  old 
number  of  the  London  Penny  Magazine,  illus- 
trates the  love  of  the  horse  for  its  "  old  home  ;" — 
"  A  short  distance  below  Fort  Erie,  and  about 
a  mile  from  where  the  river  Niagara  escapes  over 
a  barrier  of  rocks  from  the  depths  of  Lake  Erie, 
a  ferry  has  long  been  established  across  the  broad 
and,  there,  exceedingly  rapid  river,  the  distance 
from  shore  to  shore  being  a  little  over  one-third 
of  a  mile.  On  the  Canada  side  of  the  river  is 
the  small  village  of  Waterloo,  and  opposite 
thereto,  on  the  United  States  side,  is  the  large 
village  of  Black  Rock,  distant  from  the  young  and 
flourishing  city  of  Buffalo  two  miles.  In  com- 
pleting the  Erie  Canal,  a  pier  or  dam  was  erected 


16  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

up  and  down  the  river  and  opposite  to  Black  Rock, 
at  no  great  distance  from  the  shore,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  raising  the  waters  of  the  Niagara  to  such 
a  height  that  they  might  be  made  to  supply  an 
adjoining  section  of  the  Erie  Canal.  This  pier 
was  and  is  a  great  obstruction  to  the  ferry-boats ; 
for,  previous  to  its  erection,  passengers  embarked 
from  terra  firma  on  one  side  of  the  river  and 
were  landed  without  any  difficulty  on  the  other ; 
but  after  this  dam  was  constructed  it  became 
necessary  to  employ  two  sets  of  boats,  one  to 
navigate  the  river,  the  other  the  basin,  so  that  all 
the  passengers,  as  well  as  goods  and  luggage,  had 
to  be  landed  upon  this  narrow  wall  and  reshipped. 
Shortly  after  the  erection  of  the  pier-dam,  a  boat 
propelled  by  horses  was  established  between  this 
pier  and  the  Canada  shore.  The  boat  belonged 
to  persons  connected  with  the  ferry  on  the  Ameri- 
can side  of  the  river;  but,  owing  to  the  barrier 
formed  by  the  pier,  the  horses  employed  on  the 
boat  were  stabled  at  night  in  the  village  of  Water- 
loo. I  well  recollect  the  first  day  this  boat  began 
to  ply;  for  the  introduction  of  a  boat  of  that 
description  in  those  days,  was  considered  an  event 
of  some  magnitude.  The  two  horses  (for  the 
boat  had  but  two)  worked  admirably,  considering 
the  very  few  lessons  they  had  had  previous  to 
their  introduction  upon  the  main  river.  One  of 
the  horses  employed  on  the  new  ferry-boat  had 
once  been  a  dapple  gray,  but  at  the  period  I  am 
speaking  of  he  had  become  white.  He  was  still 
hale  and  hearty,  for  he  had  a  kind  and  indulgent 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  17 

master.  The  first  evening  after  the  horses  had 
been  a  short  time  in  the  stable,  to  which  they 
were  strangers,  they  were  brought  for  the  purpose 
of  being  watered  at  the  river,  the  common  cus- 
tom of  the  place.  The  attendant  was  mounted 
upon  the  bay  horse,  the  white  one  was  known 
to  be  so  gentle  and  docile  that  he  was  allowed  to 
drink  where  he  pleased.  I  happened  to  be  stand- 
ing close  by,  in  company  with  my  friend  W n, 

the  ferry  contractor,  on  the  Canada  side,  and  had 
thus  an  opportunity  of  witnessing  the  whole  pro- 
ceeding of  old  G-rizzle,  the  name  that  the  white 
horse  still  went  by.  The  moment  he  got  round 
the  corner  of  the  building,  so  as  to  have  a  view 
of  his  home  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  he 
stopped  and  gazed  intently.  He  then  advanced 
to  the  brink  of  the  river,  then  again  stopped  and 
looked  earnestly  across  for  a  short  time,  then 
waded  into  the  river  until  the  water  reached  his 
chest,  drank  a  little,  lifted  his  head,  and,  with 
his  lips  closed  and  his  eyes  fixed  upon  some 
object  on  the  farther  shore,  remained  for  a  short 
time  perfectly  motionless.  Apparently  having 
made  up  his  mind  to  the  task,  he  waded  further 
into  the  river  until  the  water  reached  his  ribs, 
when  off  he  shot  into  the  deep  water  without 
hesitation.  The  current  being  so  strong  and 
rapid,  the  river  boiling  and  turmoiling  over  a 
rocky  bed,  at  the  rate  of  six  miles  an  hour,  it 
was  impossible  for  the  courageous  animal  to  keep 
a  direct  course  across,  although  he  breasted  the 
waves  heroically  and  swam  with  remarkable  vigor. 
2* 


18  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EAST. 

Had  he  been  able  to  steer  his  way  directly  across, 
the  pier-wall  would  have  proved  an  insurmount- 
able barrier.  As  it  was,  the  current  forced  him 
down  below  where  the  lower  extremity  of  this 
long  pier  abuts  upon  an  island,  the  shore  of 
which  being  low  and  shelving,  he  was  enabled 
to  effect  a  landing  with  comparative  ease.  Plav- 
ing  gained  terra  Jirma,  he  shook  the  water  from 
his  dripping  flanks,  when  he*.plunged  into  the 
basin  and  soon  regained  his  native  shore.  At 
the  commencement  of  his  voyage,  his  arched 
neck  and  withers  were  above  the  surface,  but 
before  he  reached  the  island  his  head  only  was 
visible.  He  reached  his  own  stable-door — that 
home  for  which  he  risked  so  much — to  the  no 
small  astonishment  of  his  owner.  This  un- 
expected visit  made  a  favorable  impression  on 
his  master,  for  he  was  heard  to  make  a  vow  that 
if  old  Grizzle  performed  the  feat  a  second  time, 
for  the  future  he  should  remain  on  his  own 
side  of  the  river,  and  never  be  sent  to  the  mill 
again.  Grizzle  was  sent  back  to  work  the  boat 
the  following  day,  but  he  embraced  the  first 
opportunity  that  occurred  of  escaping,  and  swam 
back  the  way  he  had  done  before.  His  owner, 
not  being  a  person  to  break  the  promise  he  once 
made,  never  afterwards  dispossessed  him  of  the 
stall  he  had  long  been  accustomed  to,  but  treated 
him  with  marked  kindness  and  attention." 

Colonel  Hamilton  Smith,  of  the  British  Army, 
relates  a  case  which  proves  the  memory  and 
attachment  of  the  horse :  "  The   Colonel  had  a 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  19 

charger  in  liis  possession  for  two  years,  wliicli  he 
left  with  the  army,  but  which  was  brought  back 
and  sold  in  London.  About  three  years  after- 
wards the  Colonel  chanced  to  travel  up  tosvn,  and 
at  a  relay,  on  getting  out  of  the  mail,  the  off- 
wheel  horse  attracted  his  attention ;  on  going 
near  to  examine  it  with  more  care  he  found  the 
animal  recognised  him,  and  testifying  its  satis- 
faction by  rubbing  its  head  against  him,  and 
making  every  moment  a  little  stamp  with  its  fore- 
feet, to  the  surprise  of  the  coachman,  who  asked 
if  the  horse  was  not  an  old  acquaintance.  It 
was — it  was  his  own  old  charger  I" 

"  A  lady,  remarkable  for  benevolence  to  the 
brute  creation,  observed  from  her  garden-gate 
one  day  a  miserable  horse,  with  the  shoulder  raw 
and  bleeding,  attempting  to  graze  upon  an  open 
spot  adjacent;  having,  by  means  of  some  bread, 
coaxed  the  poor  animal  to  the  gate,  she  then 
managed,  with  some  assistance,  to  cover  the 
wound  with  adhesive  plaster  spread  upon  a  piece 
of  soft  leather.  The  man  to  whom  the  animal 
belonged  (one  of  those  ignorant  and  careless 
beings  who  are  indifferent  to  the  sufferings  of 
any  but  themselves)  shortly  afterwards  led  the 
horse  away.  The  next  day,  however,  the  horse 
made  his  appearance  again  a^the  gate,  over 
which  he  put  his  head  and  gently  neighed.  On 
looking  at  him  it  was  found  that  the  plaster  was 
removed,  either  by  the  animal's  master,  or  by  the 
rubbing  of  the  ill-made  collar  in  which  he  worked. 
The   plaster   was   renewed.     The   third   day  he 


20  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY. 

appeared  again,  requiring  the  same  attention, 
which  he  soHcited  in  a  similar  manner.  After 
this  the  plaster  was  allowed  to  remain,  and  the 
horse  recovered ;  but  ever  after,  when  it  saw  its 
benefactress,  it  would  immediately  approach  her, 
and  by  voice  and  action  testify  its  sense  of  her 
kindness  and  notice.  This  anecdote,  for  the 
truth  of  which  we  can  personally  testify,  proves 
how  sensible  the  horse  is  of  humane  treatment, 
and  how  grateful  for  benefits  bestowed." 

Kind  treatment  and  every  care  are  due  to  an 
animal  from  whose  services  man  derives  such 
important  benefits ;  but  too  often  does  man  forget 
that  he  has  a  duty  to  perform,  not  only  towards  his 
fellow-man,  but  towards  those  domestic  animals 
which  Providence  has  intrusted  to  him  for  his 
welfare. 

The  apparatus  used  in  training  horses  upon 
our  new  system  are  both  cheap  and  simple.  A 
common  rope  halter,  a  three  or  four  ply  cotton 
cord  about  twelve  feet  long,  and  a  piece  of  line 
webbing,  are  all  the  implements  required  in 
training  colts. 

THE   ROPE   HALTER. 

This  should  ^  made  rather  heavier  and  longer 
than  those  use!  upon  broken  horses,  and  so 
arranged,  by  tying  -a  knot  or  otherwise,  that  it 
does  not  slip  up  so  tightly  as  to  pinch  the  ani- 
mal's nose. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  21 

THE   CORD. 

This  is  nothing  more  than  a  three  or  four  ply 
rope  or  cord.  The  cotton  cord  is  much  the  best, 
as  it  works  smoothly,  and  is  much  softer  than 
any  other.  This  cord  is  not  a  new  feature  in 
horse -training,  as  impostors  would  have  you 
believe,  it  having  been  used  many  years  by 
various  tribes  of  Indians,  Mexicans,  &c.  It  is 
mentioned  in  the  Veterinarian  of  London  in  1828 
as  used  by  the  North  American  Indians  in  sub- 
duing their  horses:  hence  it  is  known  as  the 
Indian  war  bridle.  A.  H.  Rockwell  calls  it  the 
Yankee  bridle,  which  claim  is  wrapped  in  some 
obscurity.  The  use  of  this  simple  arrangement 
is  a  powerful  means  of  controlling  horses,  when 
properly  used,  otherwise  it  is  more  likely  to  do 
harm  than  good.  To  prepare  the  cord  for  use, 
tie  a  knot  in  each  end,  as  seen  in  the  engraving, 
then  make  a  loop  by  doubling  the  cord  and  pass- 
ing the  knot  through,  as  represented  by  the 
enscravino:. 


LOOPING  THB  COKD. 


22  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

These  loops  should  be  at  such  distances  from 
the  knot  as  will  allow  the  cord  to  pass  around  the 
neck  at  one  end  and  the  lower  jaw  at  the  other, 
passing  the  knot  through  the  loop  from  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  loop  to  where  it  first  passed  through 
in  making  the  lap;  this  brings  the  thickness  of  the 
cord  in  the  centre  of  the  loop.  By  this  means 
safety  is  secured,  the  cord  slipping  easily  through, 
preventing  the  possibility  of  its  getting  fast,  as 
it  would  be  likely  to  do  if  passed  through  the 
loop  from  the  same  side  it  originally  came 
through.  The  necessity  of  this  arrangement  will 
be  seen  on  applying  the  cord.  We  have  here 
two  principles  involved  :  first,  steady  pressure 
upon  the  lower  jaw;  second,  friction  in  the  mouth. 


CORD  APPLIZD  ON  LOWES  JAW. 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE  EASY. 


23 


CORD  APPLIED  ON  NECK. 


the 


one  stationary  in  jhe  mouth,  the  other  slip- 
ping through  it.  The*ses  of  these  loops  will  be 
explained  in  their  proper  places. 


THE    LINE   WEBBING. 

Take  a  piece  of  worsted  webbing,  such  as  is 
used  for  driving-lines,  divide  it  in  two  parts, 
one  piece  of  sufficient  length  to  girt  the  body. 
Make  a  loop  in  one  end  large  enough  for  the 
other  end  to  pass  through,  so  as,  when  adjusted, 
it  is  sufficiently  long  to  tie.  The  other  part  of  the 
web  needs  no  loop.  These  two  pieces  of  web  are 
used  for  various  purposes,  which  will  be  explained 
as  we  proceed. 


24  nORSE-TRAININQ   MADE   EASY. 

HABITS  OF  THE  HORSE. 

Horses  contract  habits  very  easily  when  im- 
properly managed,  and  transmit  them  to  their 
offspring. 

*'  'Tis  easier  to  prevent  than  cure." 

Every  one  at  all  conversant  with  the  secrets  of 
the  stable  know  how  readily  habits  are  contracted 
by  the  horse,  and  the  difficulty  in  breaking  up 
such  habits  when  once  contracted,  by  the  ordinary 
methods.  Many  habits  of  the  horse,  in  no  way 
owe  their  origin  to  vice,  yet  are  often  as  trouble- 
some and  dangerous  as  those  which  do. 


KICKING   IN   THE   STABLE. 

To  break  up  this  dangerous  habit,  it  is  only 
necessary  to  place  the  animal  in  a  stall  closed  at 
the  head,  or  against  a  wall,  so  as  to  allow  him  no 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  25 

opportunity  of  jumping  into  or  over  the  manger. 
Tie  his  head  short,  and  suspend  by  a  cord  at 
either  end,  a  bag  of  straw,  hay,  corn  husks,  or 
any  soft  material,  so  as  to  strike  the  hocks  when- 
ever the  animal  kicks.  The  bag  rebounds,  striking 
him  upon  the  hocks  :  after  several  repetitions  the 
animal  is  observed  to  stand  and  tremble ;  the  bag 
.at  this  point  is  to  be  pulled  upon  one  side  so  that 
he  does  not  see  it,  and  when  the  animal  gets  over 
his  excitement  try  and  induce  him  to  kick.  If  you 
succeed,  immediately  let  the  bag  go  back  to  its 
former  position.  Two  or  three  kicks  will  again 
quiet  him,  and  he  trembles  as  at  first.  Remove  the 
bag,  and  when  his  excitement  abates,  try  and 
induce  him  to  kick  again.  By  repeating  this  a  few 
times  the  animal  is  thoroughly  broken  of  the  habit.. 
Such  horses  are  often  broken  of  the  habit  of 
kicking  in  harness,  as  well  as  the  stable,  by  the 
same  means.  » 

Kicking  against  the  side  of  the  stall  is  a  serious 
evil.  Capped  hocks,  and  callous  enlargements  are 
frequently  consequences  of  this  habit ;  mares  more 
frequently  than  geldings  are  subject  to  this  vice. 
Particularly  is  this  the  case  when  placed  beside 
other  horses.  Removal  to  a  box  stall,  and  left 
there  unhaltered,  will  frequently  break  up  the 
habit.  When  no  such  conveniences  exist,  a  strap 
should  be  buckled  around  the  leg  above  the  hock, 
to  which  a  club  one  and  a  half  or  two  inches 
thick,  and  ten  or  twelve  inches  long,  covered  with 
a  woollen  cloth,  or  other  soft  material,  so  as  not 
to  hurt  the  animal,  should  be  attached  in  such  a 
3 


26  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

manner  as  to  "hang  loosely  against  the  shank  bone ; 
with  this  appendage  the  moment  the  animal  kicks, 
this  club  punishes  it  by  comning  sharply  in  con- 
tact with  the  leg,  but  does  not  bruise  it.  The 
animal  soon  learns  that  by  keeping  the  leg  still  he 
escapes  the  punishment  which  follows  every  effort 
to  kick. 

KICKING   WHILE    HARNESSING. 

This  habit  is  acquired  by  bad  management  in 
the  early  training  of  the  horse;  rough  handling,, 
throwing  the  harness  too  quickly  upon  its  back 
before  it  becomes  thoroughly  accustomed  to  its 
feel,  are  sufficient  causes  to  produce  this  habit  in 
the  colt  of  a  highly  nervous  temperament.  The 
more  quietly  you  go  about  such  an  animal,  the 
more  readily  and  willingly  will  he  yield  obedience 
to  your  desires.  To  break  up  this  habit  the  cord 
is  called  into  requisition  ;  put  the  small  loop  over 
the  under  jaw,  take  your  position  upon  the  near 
side,  opposite  the  shoulder,  pass  the  cord  over  the 
neck  from  the  off  side,  and  carry  it  through  the 
loop  around  the  under  jaw ;  now  draw  it  up  tightly 
and  take  a  half-hitch,  so  as  to  keep  the  head  in 
a  confined  position  (represented  in  engraving), 
keep  the  cord  in  your  hand,  so  in  case  of  the 
animal  rearing  you  can  slip  the  hitch  and  let  the 
Jiead  loose.  You  should  then  give  him  a  few  quick 
jerks;  this  diverts  his  attention;  you  now  quietly 
take  up  the  harness  in  your  hands,  and  as  quietly 
approach,  and  put  it  upon  him.  Should  he  attempt 
to  kick,  slip  the  loop  as  before,  and  give  him  a 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  27 

few  more  sliarp  pulls  upon  tlie  cord;  tliis  discon- 
certs him.  Repeat  this  lesson  a  few  times,  and  he 
will  soon  learn  to  stand  quiet  while  you  are  har- 
nessing him. 

KICKING   WHILE   GROOMING. 

.  Horses  of  a  high  nervous  temperament  are 
frequently  addicted  to  this  habit.  This,  like 
kicking  in  harness,  is  brought  on  by  careless  or 
rough  handling.  The  cord  here  too  is  a  powerful 
instrument  of  control.  Having  secured  the  head, 
use  the  brush  and  currycomb  in  the  most  gentle 
manner  for  several  days,  particularly  about  such 
parts  as  he  manifests  the  most  tenderness. 

KICKING   IN    SINGLE   HARNESS. 

Previous  to  putting  the  animal  in  harness,  take 
the  cord,  put  the  small  loop  over  the  under  jaw, 
pass  the  rope  over  the  neck  from  the  off  side  and 
through  the  small  loop  upon  the  near  side; 
give  him  a  few  quick  pulls,  which  calls  his  atten- 
tion to  you.  Put  the  harness  upon  him,  having 
a  ring  or  loop  upon  the  top  of  the  bridle  B  and 
a  ring  H  secured  to  the  back  strap,  about  six 
inches  from  the  crouper.  You  now  take  a  small  bit, 
attach  to  either  ring  a  strong  leathern  strap  about 
half  an  inch  wide,  pass  these  straps  A,  A,  A,  A, 
up  over  the  face  to  the  ring  B  in  the  bridle, 
down  through  the  terrets  in  th^  saddle,  and  back 
through  the  ring  H,  then  bring  them  down  at 
right  angles,  across  the  quarters  and  secure  them 
to  the  shafts  on  either  side,  in  such  a  manner  as 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE   EASY. 


29 


not  to  interfere  with  the  animal  in  travelling. 
With  this  arrangement  properly  adjusted,  the 
moment  the  horse  attempts  to  kick,  the  strap  is 
drawn  tight  over  the  quarters,  at  the  same  time 
it  jerks  up  the  head  forcibly,  punishing  the  ani- 
mal at  each  attempt  to  kick. 


KICKING   IN   DOUBLE   HARNESS. 

First  use  the  cord  upon  the  animal  until  he 
will  yield  his  head  on  the  slightest  pull  upon  the 
cord;  put  on  a  halter,  which  should  be  a  good 
strong  leather  one,  having  a  strong  lead,  and 
ring  F,  (see  Eng.  p.  28),  so  adjusted  as  to  slip 
under  the  girth.     Have  two  strong  straps  with 


3* 


EICEIMG  QOfiS£. 


30  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

rings,  on  the  plan  of  a  dog  collar.  Tliese  are  to  be 
buckled  around  the  leg  above  the  liocks,  D,  D,  a 
strong  leathern  strap  fastened  to  the  rings  D, 
passing  through  the  ring  F,  well  secured,  so  as 
to  be  tense  when  the  animal  is  standing  square  : 
now  check  him  up,  and  he  is  ready  to  hitch  up  for 
the  start.  This  arrangement  does  not  interfere 
materially  with  his  travelling,  yet  it  reproves  him 
whenever  he  attempts  to  kick,  and  he  soon  gives 
up  the  habit. 

KICKING   WHILE   SHOEING. 


COED  APPLIED  ON  LOWER  JAW. 


This,  like  most  other  habits,  is  brought  on  by 
bad  management.  The  colt,  upon  first  entering 
the  shoeing  shop,  should  be  used  with  the  greatest 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY,  31 

gentleness  and  kindness.  Any  deviation  from  this 
rule  often  causes  the  colt  to  resist  all  efforts  to 
shoe  it.  Particularly  is  this  the  case  with  the  hind 
feet.  The  habit  once  established,  requires  the 
utmost  care  and  perseverance  to  overcome  the 
evil.  Ordinary  cases  of  resistance  while  shoeing 
may  be  brought  to  terms  by  the  lise  of  the  cord 
alone.  To  do  this,  put  the  small  loop  over  the  under 
jaw,  pass  it  over  the  neck,  and  through  the  loop 
upon  the  opposite  side,  draw  the  cord  tight,  and 
take  a  half-hitch ;  you  will  then  take  up  the  foot. 
Should  he  resist,  slip  the  hitch,  and  give  him  a 
few  quick  jerks  upon  the  cord,  and  then  renew 
the  hitch.  If  he  still  refuses  to  let  you  have  the 
foot,  repeat  the  operation.  If  he  then  resists, 
put  a  collar  around  his  neck,  slip  the  long  web 
through  the  collar,  carry  it  back,  and  around  the 
fetlock  of  the  foot  you  wish  to  handle,  bring  it 


32  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

back  througli  the  collar,  holding  the  end  in  your 
right  hand ;  now  pull  up  the  foot  and  hold  it  until 
he  ceases  to  resist :  then  take  the  web  in  your 
hand  close  to  the  foot  and  pull  the  foot  in  different 
directions,  until  he  ceases  to  resist  your  efforts; 
then  caress  him.  Recollect,  gentleness  and  kind- 
ness go  a  great  way  in  gaining  the  confidence  of 
the  animal.  When  he  gives  you  the  foot  readily, 
take  a  hammer  and  tap  upon  it  very  gently.  If  he 
resists,  jerk  him  sharply  a  few  times  with  the  cord ; 
if  he  still  resists,  remove  the  long  web,  then  take  a 
short  hold  upon  the  halter  with  your  left  hand, 
and  with  a  quick  motion  catch  the  tail  with  the 
right  hand,  and  swing  him  around  a  few  times, 
by  quickly  bringing  the  head  towards  you.  This 
so  disconcerts  him  that  he  usually  yields  the  foot 
without  further  resistance.  For  safety  it  is 
always  better  to  put  the  web  on  again  for  one  or 
two  handlings.  Properly  managed  you  will  seldom 
fail  in  breaking  up  this  habit  iu  from  four  to  six 
days. 

HORSES-  UGLY  TO  SHOE  IN  FRONT. 

Take  the  short  web,  put  it  on  the  foot  (at  the 
fetlock)  you  wish  to  handle,  pass  it  over  the  back 
from  the  opposite  side ;  now  pull  the  foot  up  and 
hold  it  there  until  the  animal  ceases  his  efforts  to 
get  it  away,  then  tap  lightly  with  a  hammer  upon 
the  foot,  increasing  the  force  of  the  blow  gradu- 
ally, until  he  will  allow  you  to  strike  upon  the 
foot  as  hard  as  may  be  necessary ;  tlien  let  the 
foot  down,  pick  it  up  with  the  hand;  if  he  resists, 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


33 


draw  it  up  again  with  the  web ;  and  so  repeat  until 
he  yields  it  readily  and  willingly.  Usually  the 
animal  submits  his  foot  in  a  very  short  time, 
unless  he  becomes  excited  by  rough  usage. 


THE   LONG  F00T-3TEAP. 

STRIKING. 

Some  horses  have  an  ugly  practice  of  striking 
with  their  front  feet.  To  break  up  this  habit 
take  the  cord,  put  the  small  end  in  the  mouth, 
and  jerk  him  from  one  side  to  the  other;  he  will 
try  to  strike  you,  but  he  fails  to  do  so  if  you  give 
him  sufficient  length  of  cord ;  he  soon  finds  he  is 
overmatched,  and  yields  to  you  readily.  By 
using  the  long  foot-strap  or  web,  placed  around 
the  near  forefoot,  then  passed  under  the  girth, 
and  carried  back,  having  an  assistant  at  the  ani- 
mal's head  to  lead  him,  as  soon  as  he  steps,  pull 
up  the  foot,  let  it  drop  and  pull  it  up  again  at 


84  nORSE-TRATNING    MADE    EASY. 

the  next  effort  to  step  or  strike.  This  teachea 
him  that  he  cannot  use  the  foot  as  he  would  like, 
and  he  ceases  to  make  the  effort. 

BAULKING. 

This  is  the  most  aggravating  of  all  the  habits 
to  which  the  horse  is  subject;  it  tries  the  patience 
of  man  to  the  utmost;  yet,  by  patience  and  per- 
severance, with  proper  management,  even  this 
habit  can  be  broken  up.  It  is  rarely  we  find  a 
baulky  horse  which  is  not  a  good  one.  They  ate 
usually  very  hardy,  high-spirited,  quick  of  com- 
prehension, and  of  a  strong  nervous  temperament. 
They  resist  because  we  have  failed  to  make  them 
understand  what  we  require  of  them,  or  it  may 
occur  from  overloading,  sore  shoulders,  or  work- 
ing until  tired  out.  Particularly  is  this  the  case 
with  young  animals.  To  whip  under  such  cir- 
cumstances only  excites  them  to  more  determined 
resistance.  On  the  first  attempt  of  your  horse 
to  baulk,  get  out  of  the  wagon,  pat  him  upon  the 
neck,  examine  the  harness  carefully,  first  upon 
one  side  then  upon  the  other,  speaking  encour- 
agingly to  the  animal  while  doing  so;  then  jump 
iu  the  wagon  and  give  the  word  to  go ;  generally 
he  will  obey;  if  he  refuse  to  do  so,  take  him 
out  of  the  shafts,  put  up  the  traces  so  that  they 
do  not  drag  upon  the  ground,  then  take  him  by 
the  head  and  tail,  reel  him  until  he  is  almost 
ready  to  fall,  then  hook  him  up  again,  and  give 
him  the  word  to  go;  this  rarely  fails,  it  takes  that 
sullen  spirit  out  of  them,  and  they  start  at  the 
3* 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  .  35 

word,  I  have  failed  but  once  in  handling  baulky- 
horses,  though  I  have  handled  a  large  number 
of  them.  By  repeating  the  same  operation  every 
day  for  a  week,  usually  breaks  up  this  most 
perplexing  habit  thoroughly  and  permanently. 
Another  method  which  often  proves  successful, 
is  to  tie  the  tail  of  the  horse  fast  to  the  shaft-bar, 
unloose  the  traces,  securing  them  so  that  they 
will  not  get  under  his  feet.  Now  start  him  up ; 
as  soon  as  he  finds  his  tail  fast  he  will  pull  the 
wagon  by  that  appendage ;  repeating  this  a  few 
times  will  often  cure  the  habit.  Another  method 
still  will  sometimes  prove  successful :  instead  of 
tying  the  tail  to  the  shaft-bar,  take  it  between 
the  hind-legs,  having  a  cord  secured  to  the  end, 
and  tie  it  to  the  saddle-girth;  this  will  often 
answer  the  same  purpose. 

SHYING   HORSES. 

-  Those  who  are  in  the  habit  of  riding  or  driv- 
ing along  frequented  roads,  or  through  thickly 
populated  cities,  can  best  estimate  the  inconve- 
nience, annoyance,  and  constant  apprehension 
occasioned  by  a  shying  horse.  While  travelling 
along  with  an  air  of  the  greatest  unconcern,  all 
in  an  instant,  planting  himself  in  an  attitude  of 
aflFright,  he  comes  to  a  dead  stop,  or  flies  the 
road.  Of  the  sensation  of  the  animal  at  such  a 
time,  we  will  not  venture  a  description,  but  we 
know  by  experience  what  those  of  the  driver  or 
rider  are.  Shying  in  horses  is  no  doubt  the  off- 
spring of  fear.     Fear-  is  the  emotion  excited  by 


36  HORSE -TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

suspicion,  apprehension,  appearance  or  approach 
of  danger.  '  This  may  be  denominated  native 
timidity,  giving  rise  to  that  kind  of  shyness  with 
which  colts,  and  young  animals  generally,  are 
endowed.  There  is  another  kind  of  shyness 
which  we  may  denominate  acquired.  To  illus- 
trate, a  colt  is  naturally  shy  at  any  object  of  im- 
posing appearance,  either  novel  or  strange  to 
him.  On  the  other  hand,  he  beholds  an  object 
that  is  familiar  to  him,  which  he  associates  with 
some  former  suffering.  We  do  not  mean  to  assert 
that  these  manifestations  of  fear  are  alike,  further 
than  that  they  arise  from  the  impressions  made 
upon  the  brain,  a  dread  or  consciousness  of  dan- 
ger, in  the  one  case  acquired,  in  the  other  con- 
genital. Shyness  may  be  attributed  to  a  third 
cause,  imperfect  vision.  A  horse  whose  eye- 
sight is  imperfect  is  apt  to  shy  at  objects  in  con- 
sequence of  not  seeing  them  properly.  The 
disposition  to  shy  arising  from  either  of  the  above 
causes,  is  often  increased  by  the  acts  of  the 
driver;  for  instance  (a  very  common  one),  a  man 
is  driving  a  young  horse  upon  the  road,  he  meets 
an  object  of  fear  to  the  animal,  and,  as  he  ap- 
proaches it,  starts  suddenly  out  of  the  road,  his 
driver  instantly  commences  a  round  of  castigation 
with  the  whip,  in  which  he  persists  until  the 
horse,  as  well  as  himself,  have  lost  their  temper, 
and  then,  while  one  whips,  the  other  jumps, 
plunges,  frets,  &c.  The  next  object  of  fear  the 
animal  meets  recalls  the  whipping  previously  in- 
flicted upon  him.  and  associates  it  with  the  object 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  87 

he  fears,  shies,  and  starts  with  even  more  alarm 
than  before,  sometimes  attempting  to  run  away. 
Gentleness  and  persuasion  are  the  best  means 
of  breaking  up  this  habit;  let  the  animal  stand 
and  look  at  the  object  he  fears,  speak  to  him 
encouragingly,  and  gradually  he  will  approach  it. 
After  he  has  passed  it,  turn  him  around,  passing 
the  object  slowly  several  .times,  and  his  fear 
vanishes.  By  thus  gently  managing  him,  he 
soon  places  confidence  in  you,  and  a  gentle  word 
from  the  driver  will  induce  him  to  move  on  by 
the  object.  It  is  an-  old  saying,  that  the  most 
effectual  way  to  make  a  cowardly  dog  fight  is  to 
put  him  in  front  of  his  antagonist,  in  such  a  way 
that  he  cannot  retreat ;  but  we  never  heard  any 
one  recommend  that  he  be  whipped  at  the  same 
time;  yet  we  whip  a  horse  for  being  afraid  to  do 
that  which  we  desire  him  to  do.  Reason  and 
experience  both  forbid  the  practice.  It  is  our 
duty  to  act  mercifully  towards  an  animal  so  noble, 
so  beautiful,  and  so  useful  to  man.  Contemptible 
indeed  is  that  being  who  disregards  the  plaintive 
murmurs  and  ineffectual  resistance  of  the  poor 
beast  which  chance  has  thrown  into  his  possession. 

WEAVING. 

This  is  an  unsightly  habit,  but  not  of  so  much 
consequence  as  either  of  the  foregoing.  It  con- 
sists in  the  animal  moving  his  head  and  fore- 
quarters  in  quick  succession  from  one  side  of  the 
stall  to  the  other,  like  the  action  of  a  weaver's 
shuttle,  or  like  the  hyena  in  his  cage.  The  ani- 
3 


38  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 


mal  stands  with  his  forefeet  wide  apart,  hence 
the  motion  of  the  animal  throws  the  weight  of  its 
body  alternately  upon  the  inside  of  each  fore- 
foot. The  effect  of  this  habit  is  to  turn  the 
inside  quarter  of  the  feet  downwards  and  inwards 
at  the  heel,  forming,  as  it  were,  a  kind  of  club- 
foot. This  habit  indicates  a  restless  disposition, 
expressing  impatience  at  being  tied  up.  To 
break  up  the  habit,  il  is  only  necessary  to  turn 
the  animal  loose  into  a  box-stall. 


ORIBBIirS  MUZZLE. 


CRIBBINa. 

This  is  a  very  disagreeable  habit,  to  say  the 
least,  but  not  so  serious  as  it  is  often  represented. 
The  effects  of  an  inveterate  crib-biting  horse  are 


horse-traIning  made  easy.  89 

;plainly   perceptible   upon   the   incisor  (nippers) 
'  teeth.     The  cribbing  muzzle  is  the  best  means 
of  breaking   up   the   habit.     See   Jennings   on 
*^The  Horse  and  his  Diseases." 


BITING    HORSES. 

This  is  a  hateful  habit,  or,  more  properly,  a 
vice  of  the  worst  kind.     It  is  sometimes  acquired 
from  foolishly  teasing  the  animal  in  th^  stable  by 
mischievous  boys.      Love  of  mischief  is  a  pro- 
pensity too  easily  acquired,  and  often  becomes  a 
confirmed  vice ;  particularly  is  this  the  case  with 
biting  horses.     Last  spring    (1865)   my  advice 
was  asked  regarding  a  horse  which  had  always 
been  known  as  a  remarkably  good  dispositioned 
animal,  but,  some  four  or  five  months  previous, 
some  boys  amused  themselves  by  teasing  him. 
He  soon  acquired  the  habit  of  biting,  and,  almost  ' 
simultaneously,  that  of  striking.     Regarding  the 
former  vice — one  of  the  most  dangerous  and  the 
most  difficult  of  all  vices  to  break  up — I  advised 
castration ',  the  owner  approving,  I  operated  upon 
him  on  the  spot.     Instead  of  curing  the  habit, 
he  from  this  time  became  notoriously  vicious,  two 
men  narrowly  escaping  with  their  lives  from  the 
infuriated  animal.      He   finally   became  so  con- 
firmed in  his  vicious  propensities,  it  was  worth  a 
man's  life  to  approach  him.     The  owner,  whose 
name  I  omit  by  request,  called  upon  me  to  handle 
this  animal,  which  I  did  on  the  sixth  day  of  Oc- 
tober,  1865,  at   his   residence,   near   Princeton, 
New   Jersey.     My   efforts   were   attended   with 


40  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

entire  success.  I  first  drew  his  head  down  close 
to  the  manger  from  an  opening  in  the  partition, 
having  his  head  well  secured.  The  stable-door  was 
thrown  open.  I  then  approached  his  head  cau- 
tiously, and  put  my  rope  halter  upon  him.  I  now 
tied  a  knot  in  his  tail,  slipped  the  halter  lead 
through  the  hair  above  the  knot,  drew  the  lead 
up  as  far  as  possible,  so  as  to  draw  the  head  to 
one  side,  and  tied  the  halter  lead  by  a  half-hitch 
to  the  tail ;  this  prevented  the  animal  going  in  a 
straight  line,  and  enabled  me  to  keep  out  of  his 
way.  I  now  slipped  the  head-halter,  previously 
upon  him,  and  drove  him  out  of  the  stable.  The 
moment  he  gained  the  yard,  I  was  after  him, 
tickling  him  upon  the  hind-legs  with  a  whip. 
This  set  him  wild  with  rage,  and  caused  him  to 
move  in  a  circular  direction  quite  rapidly.  I 
kept  up  this  action  until  he  began  to  stagger ;  I 
quickly  caught  the  halter  at  the  head  to  prevent 
his  falling,  and,  before  he  had  time  to  recover 
himself,  I  tightened  the  halter  so  as  to  bring  the 
head  and  tail  nearer  together.  I  again  started 
him,  he  reeled  more  rapidly,  and  came  near  fall- 
ing ;  I  caught  the  end  of  the  halter,  slipped  the 
hitch,  and,  before  he  had  time  to  recover,  I  had 
the  small  end  of  the  cord  nicely  adjusted  in  his 
mouth.  I  then  commenced  to  pull  him  right  and 
left,  and  in  a  few  minutes  he  was  as  quiet  as  a 
Iamb,  following  me  readily  in  any  direction.  He 
was  handled  by  the  owner  in  the  same  manner 
for  several  days.  I  recently  heard  from  him ;  he 
remained  perfectly  tractable.     My  friend  Mr.  E. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


43 


C.    Dudley,  of  the  firm    of  Magner  &   Dudley 
horse  trainers,  accompanied  me  to  see  this  horse. 

RUNNING  AWAY. 

Some  horses,  of  an  excitable  or  headstrong 
disposition,  will  make  frequent  efi"orts  to  get  away 
with  his  driver,  and,  when  once  he  succeeds,  he 
is  very  apt  to  try  it  over  again.  Such  animals 
must  be  trained  upon  the  mouth.  To  do  this 
effectually,  take  the  cord,  using  the  large  loop, 
over  the  neck,  placing  the  cord  in  the  mouth,  " 
and  back    through    the    loop.     You   now  pull 


TEMPERING  THE  MOUTH. 


quickly  and  sharply   upon   the    cord,   this   sets 
the  horse  back,  and  causes  the  mouth  to  become 


44 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EAST. 


tender.  You  then  go  behind  him,  pulling  quick 
upon  the  cord.  Handle  him  several  times  in 
this  way  before  putting  him  in  harness  3  he  soon 
yields  promptly  to  the  slightest  pull  upon  the 
cord.  You  may  now  harness  him  up ;  and,  as  a 
matter  of  safety,  put  the  long  web  around  the 
near  foot,  and  give  it  in  charge  of  an  assistant. 
Let  him  take  it  in  the  buggy.     With  him,  you 


TAKING  UP  THE  FOOT. 


start  on  your  journey ;  if  the  animal  attempts  to 
run,  pull  upon  the  lines,  and  he  will  generally 
come  down  to  his  usual  gait.  Should  he  not 
obey  this  gentle  warning,  let  your  assistant  take 
up  his  foot  by  pulling  the  web.  This  throws  him 
upon  three  feet,  and  prevents  his  running. 
Another  method,  more  convenient  and  equally 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 


47 


effectual,  is  tlae  apparatus  used  for  kicking  horses, 
with  this-  difference,  instead  of  fastening  the  ring 


6TEAPS  ON  KICKING  HORSE, 


which  passes  under  the  girth  to  the  halter,  secure 
it  to  the  collar  (see  Eng.  p.  46).  With  this  ar- 
rangement upon  him,  a  horse  cannot  run.  It  is 
not  necessary  to  have  the  straps  as  heavy  as  for 
a  kicking  horse. 


REFUSING  TO   STAND  WHILE    GETTING  INTO  A 
CARRIAGE. 

This  habit  is  very  easily  broken  up.     Use  the 
cord  upon  the  mouth,  have  it  long  enough  to 


48 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


CONTROLLING  THE  MOUTH. 


take  in  your  hand;  when  entering  the  carriage, 
if  the  horse  starts,  jerk  lightly  upon  the  cord; 
if  he  does  not  obey,  bring  him  back  forcibly  by 
a  quick,  strong  jerk  on  the  cord.  This  soon 
teaches  him  to  stand  until  you  are  ready  for  him 
to  start. 


HARD  PULLERS,  OR  LUGGERS  ON  THE  BIT. 

To  break  up  this  habit,  use  the  cord  in  the 
same  manner  as  upon  a  runaway  horse,  or  have 
a  pair  of  straps  about  twelve  inches  long,  with  a 
ring  at  one  end  and  a  buckle  at  the  other ;  pass 
these  straps  through  the  ring  of  the  bit  on  either 
side,  carry  them  up  on .  the  side  of  the  face,  and 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 


49 


buckle  to  the  head-piece  of  the  bridle,  which 
must  be  a  strong  one;  buckle  the  lines  to  the 
rings  on  these  straps,  instead  of  the  rings  in  the 
bit.  This  forms  a  gag,  similar  to  the  French 
twitch  gag,  and  is  a  powerful  means  of  control- 
ling the  mouth  of  a  hard-pulling  horse. 

UGLY   TO    BRIDLE. 

Some  horses  are  ugly  to  bridle  from  having 
been  knocked  or  roughly  handled  about  the  head. 
Horses  are  occasionally  troubled  with  sore  ears, 
or  have  some  tenderness  about  the  mouth  or  head. 
Such  animals  refuse  to  be  bridled  from  fear  of 
being  hurt.     Nothing  but  kindness  and  careful 


KEEPING  THE  HEAD  DOWN. 


50       .       HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

handling  will  accomplisli  our  purpose  in  such 
cases.  Where  the  habit  arises  from  previous 
injury  or  ugliness  of  disposition,  take  the  cord, 
put  the  small  end  into  the  mouth,  draw  it  tightly, 
and  take  a  half-hitch.  This  confines  the  head, 
preventing  the  animal  from  raising  it.  In  this 
position,  the  horse  will  allow  you  to  put  on  and 
take  off  the  bridle  at  pleasure.  After  putting  it 
on  and  removing  it  several  times,  loosen  up  the 
cord,  and  repeat  the  bridling;  every  time  the 
animal  resists,  draw  the  cord  tightly;  on  the 
contrary,  when  he  yields,  caress  him ;  you  thus 
gain  his  confidence. 

LOLLING   THE   TONGUE. 

Some  horses  have  a  habit  of  carrying  the 
tongue  out  of  one  side  of  the  mouth.  This  is 
generally  confined  to  narrow-jawed  horses,  the 
space  between  the  molar  teeth  being  too  narrow  to 
contain  the  tongue  in  the  mouth  when  the  bit 
presses  upon  it,  without  coming  in  contact  with 
the  edges  of  the  molar  teeth,  to  prevent  which 
the  tongue  is  thrown  out  over  the  bit  and  hangs 
from  one  side  of  the  mouth.  To  remedy  this 
defect,  take  a  common  bar  bit,  drill  a  hole  on 
either  side,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  from 
the  centre  of  the  bit,  from  the  upper  surface ; 
then  take  a  piece  of  sole  leather,  four  inches 
long  and  two  inches  wide,  sprinkle  it  over  with 
pulverized  rosin  and  burn  it  into  the  leather,  this 
renders  it  proof  against  the  action  of  the  saliva 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE   EASY.  51 

in  the  mouth ;  now  drill  two  holes  in  the  centre 
of  the  leather  corresponding  to  those  in  the  bit, 
and  secure  both  together  by  rivets,  so  that  the 
leather  extends  two  inches  above  the  bit  and  two 
inches  below  it ;  this,  put  into  the  mouth,  keeps 
the  tongue  down  clear  of  the  molar  teeth,  and 
prevents  the  animal  getting  it  over  the  bit.  A 
horse  which  lolls  the  tongue  should  never  be 
driven  with  a  snaffle  bit;  a  bar  bit  is  always 
preferable. 

HUGGING   THE   POLE. 

This  is  a  great  annoyance  to  the  other  horse, 
and  he  will  probably  learn  to  do  the  same  thing, 
not  from  imitation,  but  from  leaning  inwards  so 
as  to  enable  Eim  to  stand  against  the  other  lean- 
ing on  him.  I  have  seen  a  pair  of  horses  thus 
going,  each  leaning  on  the  other,  rendering  it 
extremely  dangerous  in  frosty  weather,  or  where 
the  road  from  any  cause  may  be  slippery.  This 
habit  may  be  broken  up  by  securing  a  piece  of 
sole  leather  to  the  pole  upon  the  side  where  the 
animal  leans,  having  a  number  of  tacks  driven 
through  it  in  such  a  manner  as  to  protrude  from 
the  leather  towards  the  horse.  The  moment  he 
attempts  to  hug  the  pole,  the  tacks  prick  him, 
and  he  leaves  it  in  a  moment  and  takes  his  proper 
position.  He  makes  but  few  efforts  after  the  first 
punishment ;  a  few  days'  driving  in  this  manner, 
usually  cures  him  of  the  habit. 


62  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


TO   MAKE   A   HORSE   TROT   HONEST. 

Many  horses  show  speed  when  they  strike  their 
gait,  but  do  not  hold  it  long.  This,  in  many  in- 
stances, arises  from  too  much  anxiety  on  the  part 
of  the  driver,  forcing  the  horse  off  his  feet.  This 
is  a  great  source  of  annoyance  to  the  owners,  who 
in  many  instances  have  built  their  hopes  very 
highly  upon  the  great  speed  of  their  favorite  nag. 
But  how  often  are  they  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment !  the  animal  is  beaten  by  those  of  far  less 
speed,  simply  because  he  breaks  up  badly.  To 
prevent  this  habit  in  horses,  requires  some  de- 
gree of  patience  and  good  management  on  the 
part  of  the  trainer.  The  apparatus  used  upon 
this  occasion  is  a  similar  one  to  that  used  for 
kicking  horses.  The  straps  e  e  are  the  same;  the 
halter  lead,  however,  is  not  required ;  use  instead 
a  strap  passed  through  the  collar;  the  choke-strap 
will  answer  the  purpose,  if  not  t<Jo  long ;  to  this 
strap  secure  the  ring  /,  pass  the  strap  e  e  through 
the  ring  /,  and  buckle  the  straps  d  d  above  the 
hocks.  We  are  now  ready  to  drive  the  horse, 
going  off  on  a  moderate  gait,  that  he  may  become 
familiar  with  the  feel  of  the  straps  prior  to  urging 
him.  As  he  moves,  the  strap  e  e  slips  through 
the  ring  /*,  allowing  the  animal  to  move  without 
restraint  as  long  as  the  legs  move  alternately,  as 
they  do  in  the  trot  or  pace ;  but  the  instant  he 
attempts  to  change  his  gait,  he  then  meets  the 
check  which  the  straps  give  him ;  he  cannot  move 
them  together  as  he  does  in  the  run,  the  straps 


54 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


$ 


preventing  botli  legs  going  back  at  the  same 
time.  After  he  has  made  a  few  attempts  to 
break  up  and  fails,  he  becomes  gradually  more 
steady.  We  may  then  urge  him  to  the  top  of 
his  speed  without  his  making  any  effort  to  go  up. 
Drive  him  every  day  with  this  arrangement  for 
three  or  four  weeks,  and  by  that  tim.e  he  will,  as 
a  general  thing,  trot  perfectly  honest  and  re- 
main so. 

HALTER   PULLING. 

This  is  a  bad  habit,  often  contracted  by  bad 
management  on  the  part  of  those  having  the  care 
of  young  animals.  It  is  one,  howef  er,  with  care 
the  a  little  patience,  easily  broken'** up.  For  this 
purpose  we  use  an  ordinary  rope  halter,  with  a 


TO  PREVENT  HALTER  PULLING. 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  55 

ff 


PULLING  ON  THE  HALTER. 


lead  long  enough  to  pass  througli  the  halter- 
ring  then  hack  between  the  forelegs  and  under  a 
surcingle,  and  tie  with  a  slip-knot  to  one  of  the 
hind  feet,  be  careful  that  the  halter  ring  is  strong- 
enough  to  resist  the  pull;  now  put  him  back, 
and  as  he  pulls,  the  halter  draws  both  ways,  upon 
the  head  and  on  the  hind  foot ;  he  rarely  makes 
more  than  two  or  three  attempts  to  pull  back. 
You  may  now  approach  him,  and  try  your  best 
to  set  him  back,  whip  him  over  the  nose,  throw 
your  hat  in  his  face,  a  buffalo,  or  any  other  object 
which  he  may  fear,  and  all  will  fail  to  set  him 
back ;  repeat  this  a  few  times,  and  he  will  give 


56  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

up  the  habit.  When  in  harness  it  is  not  safe  to 
hitch  him  thus,  as  it  gives  him  an  opportunity  to 
pull  himself  down ;  it  is  therefore  better  to  tie 
the  halter  around  the  body,  back  of  the  shoulders, 
instead  of  tying  it  to  the  foot  3  if  he  pulls  now, 
he  pulls  against  his  fore-arms,  but  it  does  not 
take  him  off  his  feet.  Another  plan  is  to  tie  a 
knot  in  the  tail  so  that  it  will  not  slip,  then  divide 
the  hairs  in  the  middle  above  the  knot,  and  pass 
the  end  of  the  halter  through  the  opening  and 
tie  it,  so  that  when  he  pulls  it  brings  the  tail 
between  the  hind  legs ;  thus  fixed,  he  pulls  upon 
his  head  and  tail.  Either  of  these  plans  will 
effectually  break  up  the  habit. 

OBJECTS   OF  FEAR. 

Some  horses  are  naturally  far  more  timid  than 
others,  and  take  alarm  at  objects  which  in  others 
produce  no  fear.  We  have  seen  horses  dread- 
fully agitated  during  a  thunder-storm  •  while,  on 
the  contrary,  we  have  observed  some  apparently 
indifferent  to  the  flashes  and  roar.  In  cases 
where  horses  are  in  stables  on  fire,  fear  appears 
to  paralyze  their  powers,  so  that  it  is  very  difficult 
to  rescue  them,  unless  they  be  firjst  blindfolded, 
which  should  always  be  done.  Professor  Rodet 
relates  several  curious  cases  of  this  character  : 
*'  In  1806,  during  the  campaign  of  Austerlitz,  a 
Piedmontese  officer  possessed  a  beautiful,  and  in 
other  respects,  a  most  serviceable  mare,  but  which 
one   peculiarity   rendered   at  times  exceedingly 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  57 

dangerous*  for  tlie  saddle :  she  had  a  decided 
aversion  for  paper,  which  she  immediately  re- 
cognised the  moment  she  saw  it.  The  effect 
produced  by  the  sight  or  sound  of  it  was  so 
prompt  and  so  violent,  that,  in  many  cases,  she 
unhorsed  her  rider;  and  in  one  case,  his  foot 
being  entangjed  in  the  stirrup,  she  dragged  him 
a  considerable  way  over  a  stony  road.  In  other 
respects,  this  mare  had  not  the  slightest  fear  of 
objects  that  would  terrify  most  horses.  She 
regarded  not  the  music  of  the  band,  the  whistling 
of  the  balls,  the  roaring  of  the  cannon,  the  fire 
of  the  bivouacs,  or  the  glittering  of  arms.  The 
confusion  and  noise  of  an  engagement  made  no 
impression  upon  her ;  the  sight  of  no  other  white 
object  affected  her;  no  other  sound  was  regarded ; 
the  view  or  the  rustling  of  paper  alone  aroused 
her  to  madness.  A  mare  belonged  to  the  Gruard 
Royal  from  1816  to  1821.  She  was  perfectly 
manageable,  and  betrayed  no  antipathy  to  the 
human  being  nor  to  other  animals,  nor  to  horses, 
except  they  were  of  a  light  gray  color ;  but  the 
moment  she  saw  a  gray  horse,  she  rushed  upon 
it  and  attacked  it  with  the  greatest  fury.  It  was 
the  same  at  all  times  and  everywhere.  She  was 
all  that  could  be  wished  on  the  parade,  on  the 
route,  in  action,  and  in  the  stable;  but  such 
was  her  hatred  towards  gray  or  white  horses, 
that  it  was  dangerous  to  place  them  in  the  same 
stable  with  her  at  whatever  distance.  If  she 
once  caught  a  glimpse  of  one,  whether  horse  or 
mare,  she  rested  not  until  she  had  thrown  her 


58  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

rider  or  broken  her  halter,  and  then  she  rushed 
upon  it  with  the  greatest  fury,  and  bit  it  in  a 
thousand  places.  She  generally,  however,  seized 
the  animal  by  the  head  or  throat  and  held  it  so 
fast  that  she  would  suffocate  it  if  it  were  not 
promptly  released  from  her  bite.  No  other  white 
body  appeared  to  make  the  least  impression  on 
her.  A  mare  belonging  to  the  fifth  squadron 
hussars  feared,  on  the  contrary,  all  white  inani- 
mate objects,  such  as  white  mantles  or  cloaks, 
and  particularly  white  plumes.  When  any  of 
these  white  bodies,  and  especially  in  motion,  were 
suddenly  perceived,  if  they  were  of  any  magnitude 
and  their  motion  was  rapid,  she  was  in  a  dreadful 
fright,  and  strove  to  escape  j  but  if  they  were 
of  no  great  size,  and  moved  more  gently,  she 
rushed  furiously  upon  them,  struck  at  them  with 
her  forefeet,  and  endeavored  to  tear  them  with 
her  teeth.  No  other  colors  produced  the  slightest 
effect  upon  her,  nor  did  the  appearance,  however 
sudden,  of  white  horses  or  dogs  of  the  same 
color ;  but  if  a  white  plume  waved,  or  a  white 
sheet  of  paper  floated  by  her,  her  fear  or  rage 
was  ungovernable." 

Professor  Rodet  regards  these  as  cases  of  true 
monomania.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  each  in- 
stance the  subject  of  this  singular  frenzy  was  a 
mare.  Some  animals  are  very  much  alarmed  at 
the  sight  of  a  buffalo-robe,  an  umbrella,  &c.  To 
break  up  these  habits  requires  more  care  than  is 
usually  required  for  other  habits.  Take  the  cord, 
put  the  small  loop  in  the  mouth,  place  the  object 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


59 


TEACHING   THE  HOESE  TO  STAND. 


of  fear  at  a  distance,  lead  the  animal  as  near  it 
as  possible,  have  an  assistant  to  raise  it  off  the 
ground ;  if  the  animal  attempts  to  get  away  from 
it,  jerk  him  sharply  from  side  to  side  a  few  times, 
then  have  your  assistant  approach  with  the  object 
of  fear  very  slowly,  and  each  time  the  animal  flies 
from  it,  jerk  him  as  before,  and  so  repeat  until 
he  will  allow  you  to  approach  near  enough  to  rub 
him  on  the  nose.  If  it  is  a  buffalo-robe,  stroke 
him  upon  the  neck,  gradually  put  it  on  his  back, 
take  it  off  and  put  it  on  again ;  repeat  until  he 
stands  perfectly  quiet;  now  approach  him  from 
another  direction,  he  now  starts  up  again  as  at 
first,  jerk  him  in  the  same  manner,  and  repeat 
every  day  until  he  will  allow  you  to  approach 


60 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


him  from  any  direction.  A  week  or  ten  days  is 
sufficient  to  break  up  the  habit  thoroughly,  if 
properly  managed. 

Another  very  good   method  is  the  halter  so 
arranged    as   for   halter  pulling.      Having:    the 


TH£  HALTER  PULLER. 


animal  ready,  take  the  buffalo-robe  on  your 
arm,  approach  as  near  as  possible  without 
causing  the  horse  to  pull  back,  stand  a  moment, 
and,  when  the  animal  gets  over  the  temporary 
excitement,  gradually  approach  it;  the  horse  now' 
pulls  upon  the  halter,  and  comes  back  to  his 
proper  place;  in  five  minutes,  generally,  he  will 
stand  and  allow  you  to  put  the  buffalo  on  him  in 
any  way  you  please.     Occasionally  we  find  a  case 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 


61 


r 


TRTINa  TO  GET  AWAY. 


that  does  not  yield  readily.  Under  sneli  circum- 
stances, the  cord,  small  end,  should  be  applied  in 
addition  to  the  halter.  Now  approach  him  gradu- 
ally; if  he  does  not  stand  quietly,  give  him  a 
quick,  sharp  pull  upon  the  cord.  Take  the  cord 
off,  leaving  the  halter  upon  him ;  lay  the  buffalo 
on  the  floor  before  the  animal,  and  leave  him  to 
examine  it  for  an  hour  or  two ;  now  hang  it  over 
the  back  part  of  the  manger,  and  leave  him  again 
in  the  same  manner;  then  hang  it  up  in  the  en- 
try before  him,  so  that  he  can  view  it  at  a  short 
distance,  then  change  its  position,  hang  it  up 
behind  him ;  finally  you  may  put  it  over  his  back, 
.    6 


62  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 

and  secure  it  with  a  surcingle.  By  changing  it 
in  this  manner,  he  becomes  famihar  with  its 
appearance  in  any  position.  A  horse  will  often 
see  an  obje<jt  in  one  position  and  not  notice  it; 
but  place  the  same  object  in  a  different  position, 
and  the  animal  becomes  alarmed.  One  day 
usually  is  sufi&cient  to  break  up  this  habit,  com- 
pletely and  thoroughly. 

HALTERING   THE   COLT. 

To  do  this  without  the  colt  offering  resistance, 
it  is  necessary  to  drive  him  into  a  cow-stall  or 
other  convenient  place.  You  will  now,  with 
your  hand  if  you  can  reach  him,  otherwise  with 
a  stick  of  sufficient  length,  touch  him  gently 
upon  the  quarter ;  this  will  cause  him  to  start  up, 
and  perhaps  to  turn  around  in  the  stall.  Do  not 
attempt  to  prevent  his  doing  so,  or  you  increase 
his  excitement,  which  at  all  ilki-es  should  be 
carefully  avoided.  You  will  then  repeat  the 
operation,  and  in  a  few  minutes  he  will  stand 
quietly  and  allow  you  to  stroke  him  with  your 
hand,  or  stick ;  gradually  pass  the  hand  or  stick 
up  over  his  back,  as  he  will  bear  it,  until  you 
reach  his  head ;  if  he  attempts  to  get  away,  do 
not  try  to  prevent  his  doing  so,  as  you  will  fail  in 
the  attempt.  As  soon  as  he  will  allow  you  to 
stroke  his  head,  take  up  an  ordinary  rope  halter, 
such  as  are  used  upon  colts,  pull  out  the  lead  so 
as  to  form  a  good  sized  loop,  place  it  on  the  end 
of  a  sticky  and  hold  it  towards  him;  let  him  smell  " 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  63 


HALTEKINQ   THE   COLT. 


it,  and,  as  he  does  so,  let  his  nose  pass  through 
the  loop ;  raise  the  upper  part  of  the  halter  over 
his  head,  then  turn  the  stick  and  the  halter  will 
fall  back  of  the  colt's  ears.  Slip  up  the  lead  and 
you  have  him  fast ;  now  place  the  lead  over  his 
neck  and  secure  it  by  a  slip-knot,  so  as  to  keep 
him  from  treading  on  it.  Open  the  stall-door  and 
let  him  go  out.  Now  drive  him  into  a  carriage- 
house,  or  some  other  suitable  place,  not  more 
than  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet  square ;  you  then 
approach  him ;  he  runs  to  a  corner ;  take  a  pole 
six  or  eight  feet  long,  and  commence  as  before  by 
touching  him  on  the  quarter ;  and  as  the  pole 


64  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

approaches  the  neck,  close  up  gradually  until  you 
can  put  your  hand  upon  him ;  you  will  then  dis- 
pense with  the  pole,  slip  the  knot  in  the  halter, 
and  remove  the  lead  from  his  neck.  You  now 
have  one  end  of  the  halter,  the  colt  the  other; 
you  want  to  teach  him  to  lead ;  you  take  your 
position  a  little  quartering  from  his  body,  and 
nearly  opposite  his  shoulder.  You  say.  Come  here, 
sir;  your  colt  pays  no  attention  to  your  command, 
because  he  does  not  understand  you;  give  the 
halter  a  quick,  sharp  pull,  which  brings  the  colt 
towards  you.  The  instant  you  pull,  let  the  halter 
slack,  this  prevents  him  from  pulling  back :  if 
you  keep  your  lead  tight,  he  learns  that  he  is 
fast,  and  he  will  pull  in  spite  of  all  your  efforts  to 
prevent  his  doing  so;  repeat  this  operation  several 
times,  always  using  the  words  Come  here,  your  colt 
will  soon  learn  to  follow  you  in  the  one  direction. 
You  then  go  to  the  opposite  side  and  teach  him  to 
follow  in  the  same  manner ;  he  must  be  handled 
from  both  sides,  or  he  will  obey  but  one.  He  now 
follows  to  the  right  or  left.  You  want  him  to  go 
forwards ;  take  your  position  a  little  to  one  side, 
but  slightly  in  advance  of  his  head ;  give  your 
halter  a  sharp,  quick  pull,  and  as  your  colt  steps 
forward,  stop  and  caress  him ;  repeat  this  a  few 
times,  and  he  will  follow  you  in  any  direction. 

HITCHING   THE   COLT   IN   THE   STABLE. 

Lead  him  into  an  ordinary  stall  four  and  a  half 
feet  wide,  having  previously  fitted  a  movable  bar 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  65 

at  the  back  of  the  stall  about  three  feet  and  a 
half  from  the  floor,  or,  if  more  convenient,  a  good 
strong  rope,  well  secured,  will  answer  the  pur- 
pose— let  it  be  about  the  same  distance  from  the 
floor.  After  leading  the  colt  into  the  stall,  put 
up  this  bar  or  rope,  and  then  tie  the  colt  to  the 
manger-ring ',  if  you  do  so  at  first,  he  will  in  all 
probability  run  back  before  you  can  have  the 
bar  or  rope  secured  in  their  place ;  and  then  the 
halter  gives  way,  and  you  have  taught  the  colt 
the  first  lesson  in  halter-pulling,  which  under  all 
circumstances  should  be  carefully  avoided.  In 
taking  the  colt  out  of  the  stable  the  same  precau- 
tion must  be  used.  Untie  the  halter  before  re- 
moving the  bar  or  rope.  Continue  this  precaution 
for  about  ten  days  or  two  weeks,  and  by  that  time, 
as  a  general  rule,  the  colt  will  stand  hitched  any- 
where. 

TRAINING   COLTS    TO    HARNESS. 

To  break  a  colt  successfully,  requires  a  man 
who  has  inexhaustible  patience,  great  presence  of 
mind,  strong  nerve,  &c.,  in  a  word,  a  man  who 
can  control  himself,  can  train  a  horse  to  harness, 
so  as  to  prevent  their  contracting  any  bad  habits. 
With  such  indispensable  attributes  and  proper 
appliances,  a  man  of  ordinary  intelligence  can 
train  a  horse  to  harness  without  accident  to  the 
animal,  himself,  or  others.  Always  train  a  colt 
with  an  open  bridle,  so  that  he  may  see  exactly 
what  you  are  doing :  using  the  blind  bridle  pre- 
vents the  animal  from  seeing  your  movements, 
6* 


66  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

and  unless  you  use  great  care  and  judgment,  you 
are  apt  to  alarm  the  colt  from  the  least  misplaced 
movement.  Let  a  man  recollect  how  surprised, 
and  in  some  cases  alarmed,  he  feels  on  anything 
touching  him  behind.  The  same  is  the  case  with 
the  horse  where  he  does  not  see  the  object.  We 
may  say  it  was  only  the  end  of  the  trace  that 
touched  him ;  how  is  he  to  know  this  if  he  does 
not  see  it  ?  A  man  standing  in  the  street  would 
turn  as  quickly  round  if  a  harmless  sheep  touched 
him,  as  if  it  were  some  more  formidable  animal. 
We  must,  therefore,  be  careful  not  to  alarm  or 
confuse  the  horse.  Do  everything  in  the  most 
gentle  and  persuasive  manner;  if  you  do  any- 
thing which  frightens  your  colt,  he  never  forgets 
it.  Take  time,  and  teach  each  point  in  training 
thoroughly ;  remember,  that  which  is  done  hur- 
riedly, is  done  badly. 

HARNESSING. 

Horses,  wnether  young  or  old,  sometimes  have 
an  aversion  to  going  in  harness;  such  animals 
show  their  unwillingness  by  kicking,  baulking, 
rearing,  running  back,  or,  perhaps,  running  away. 
To  prevent  such  habits  being  developed,  take  the 
colt,  after  being  thoroughly  halter-broken,  by  the 
head  and  tail,  reel  him  a  few  times,  and  you  can 
put  the  harness  upon  him ;  by  this  means  you 
disconcert  him,  he  will  not  then  resist  you ;  place 
him  in  the  stable  with  the  harness  upon  him, 
and  leave  him  there  a  few  hours,  so  that  he  may 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST.  67 

become  accustomed  to  it.  Then  bring  liim  out, 
take  the  lines  behind  him,  having  an  assistant  at 
his  head,  and  teach  him  thoroughly  the  use  of 
the  reins,  turning  him  to  the  right  and  to  the 
left,  until  he  will  obey  the  slightest  pull  upon  the 
reins ;  after  having  him  so  that  he  will  start  at 
the  word,  turn  to  the  right  or  to  the  left,  by  a 
pull  upon  the  line ;  he  is  ready  for  the  word 

WHOA. 

This  is  the  most  important  word  used  in  horse- 
training;  it  is  our  safeguard  in  case  of  accident; 
the  animal,  therefore,  should  learn  its  meaning 
thoroughly.  To  prevent  confusion  in  his  mind, 
the  word  should  never  be  used  out  of  its  proper 
place.     If  we  approach  a  horse  standing  quietly 


68  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

in  tlie  stable,  we  should  never  use  the  word  whoa, 
though  it  is  very  generally  used  on  such  occa- 
sions. Use  instead  the  words  Get  over,  Gro  over, 
Quietly,  my  pretty  boy,  or  any  other  word  you 
please,  to  make  the  animal  aware  of  your  pre- 
sence )  but  under  no  circumstances  use  the  word 
whoa,  except  when  the  animal  is  in  motion,  and 
you  want  him  to  stop.  In  order  to  properly 
teach  him  the  meaning  of  the  word  whoa,  put 
the  long  web  around  the  near  fore-foot,  pass  it 
under  the  girth,  and  as  the  animal  walks  along, 
pull  up  the  foot,  at  the  same  time  say  whoa;  by 
repeating  this,  you  will  soon  see  him  raise  the 
foot  when  the  word  is  given,  even  though  the 
web  is  not  pulled  upon.  Horses  thus  trained  are 
safe  in  case  a  rein  or  bit  should  break,  as  they 
will  generally  stop  at  the  word,  under  almost  any 
circumstances.  A  friend  of  mine  trained  his 
horse  to  stop  by  simply  catching  hold  of  the  tail. 
You  are  now  ready  for 

LEARNING   TO   BACK. 

Put  the  cord  upon  the  horse,  using  the  small 
loop ;  draw  it  up  with  a  steady  pull, — this  brings 
the  animal's  nose  towards  his  body.  Keep  a 
firm  hold  upon  the  cord  until  he  steps  back 
a  little,  using  at  the  same  time  the  word  back, 
then  caress  him ;  you  thus  teach  him  that  he 
has  done  exactly  what  you  wished  him  to  do ; 
then  repeat  caressing  him  each  time  he  obeys. 
C^ire  must  be   used  not  to  excite  the  colt  too 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  69 


LEARNING  TO  BACK. 


much  or  you  will  have  him  resist  you;  therefore, 
do  not  continue  your  lesson  more  than  five  or  ten 
minutes  at  any  one  time ',  on  repeating  the  lesson 
a  few  hours  later,  the  animal  will  usually  yield 
and  back  freely.  Now  try  him  with  the  line 
alone ;  if  he  obeys,  you  may  remove  the  cord 
altogether.  Occasionally,  we  find  an  animal 
which  will  not  yield  to  this  treatment ;  we  then 
take  the  short  web,  put  it  around  the  near  fore 
foot,  carry  it  over  the  back  from  the  off-side,  have 
a  bridle  upon  the  animal,  take  hold  of  it  close  to 
the  bit  with  your  left  hand  on  the  near  side, 
having  the  web  in  the  right  hand,  with  which 
bring  up  the  near  fore  foot,  holding  it  up  by  the 
web,  now  press  backwards  upon   the   bit,  this 


70  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 

brings  the  body  back,  and  as  it  does  so,  let  the 
foot  fall;  the  toe  strikes  the  ground  some  fifteen 
or  eighteen  inebes  behind  the  opposite  foot,  and 
as  it  does  so,  the  off-foot  comes  back  to  the  same 
point.  By  repeating  this  lesson,  we  teach  any 
horse  to  back,  however  obstinate  he  may  be.  I 
have  never  known  a  single  instance  where  it 
failed. 

HITCHING   TO   THE   WAGON. 

In  hitching  up  a  colt  to  the  wagon  for  the  first 
time,  it  is  always  better  that  you  put  him  along- 
side of  a  steady,  well-broken  horse ;  if  you  have 
no  opportunity  of  doing  this,  let  him  become 
perfectly  familiar  with  the  wagon  before  hitching 
him  up'single ;  lead  him  up  to  the  wagon  in  the 
shafts  of  which  you  intend  putting  him ;  let  him 
examine  it  carefully;  raise  the  shafts  up  and 
down  in  his  presence,  so  as  to  get  him  familiar 
with  the  motion ;  if  it  be  a  top-buggy,  raise  and 
lower  the  top ;  should  he  behave  badly,  put  the 
cord  upon  him,  using  the  small  end;  jerk  him 
every  time  he  offers  any  resistance.  Now  lead 
him  in  front  of  the  wagon ;  pull  it  towards  him ; 
should  he  start,  jerk  him  again,  and  so  repeat 
until  you  can  pull  the  wagon  up  to  him.  Now 
raise  the  shafts  and  let  them  down  quietly  over 
his  back ;  repeat  this  operation  until  he  will  re- 
main perfectly  quiet.  Now  lead  him  up,  pulling 
the  wagon  behind  him.  When  he  will  bear  this 
nicely,  you  may  hook  him  fast  to  the  wagon,  first 
putting  the  long  web  upon  the  near  front  foot, 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  71 


BAFE  TO  DRIVE. 


pass  it  under  the  girth,  and  give  it  to  an  assistant ; 
get  into  the  wagon  with  your  assistant,  having 
previously  instructed  him  how  to  manage  the 
web.  Have  a  second  assistant  to  lead  the  animal 
a  short  distance ',  if  he  behaves  well  let  him  go. 
With  this  system,  one-half  hour's  handling  every 
day  for  a  week  is  sufficient  to  break  thoroughly 
to  harness  the  wildest  colt. 

BITTING   THE    COLT. 

The  ordinary  process  of  bitting  colts  is  too 
well  known  to  horsemen  generally  to  need  any 
description  at  my  hands.  A  cheap  and  easy 
method  of  bitting  colts,  if  properly  managed,  is 
by  means  of  the  cord.  To  arch  the  neck  and 
bring  the  nose  in  where  you  want  it,  take  the 


72 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


cord  using  tlie  small  loop  over  the  under  jaw, 
pass  the  cord  over  the  neck  from  the  off  side,  and 
through  the  loop  on  the  near  side.    Now  take 


BITTING  THE  COLT. 

your  position  at  the  near  shoulder,  press  lightly 
upon  the  cord ;  should  the  colt  resist,  let  it  loose 
for  a  moment,  then  press  upon  it  again,  and  as 
he  yields  caress  him;  by  repeating  this  a  few 
times,  say  two  or  three  times  a  day  as  opportunity 
offers,  you  will  find  he  soon  yields  his  head  nicely. 
Use  the  utmost  care  on  first  applying  it,  or  you 
will  excite  the  colt  to  resistance.  When  once  he 
learns  that  he  can  resist  successfully  he  will  try 
it  over  again.  Do  not  continue  the  use  of  the 
cord  more  than  about  ten  minutes  at  a  time. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  73 

Now  cliange  the  end  of  tlie  cord,  taking  the 
large  loop,  pass  it  over  the  neck,  put  the  cord 
through  the  mouth  from  the  off  side,  back  through 
the  loop  on  the  near  side,  take  your  position  in 
front  of  the  animal,  pull  lightly  upon  the  cord ; 
this  sets  his  head  up  as  high  as  you  want  to  put 


BETTING  UP  THE  HEAD. 


it.  By  repeating  this  lesson,  the  colt  soon  learns 
to  get  up  his  head  on  the  slightest  touch  upon 
the  rein.     The  cord  is  also  used, 


TO   ADD   STYLE. 


It  will  be  observed  in  using  the  cord  for  the 
purpose  of  bitting  the  colt,  that  the  small  loop 
7 


74  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EAST. 

brings  the  chiH  in  towards  the  hody,  at  the  same 
time  beautifully  arching  the  neck  j  the  large  loop 
having  directly  the  opposite  effect  by  puttin.g  the 
head  up  in  any  position  desired.  This  arrange- 
ment applied  to  older  horses,  with  a  bad  carriage 
of  the  bead,  adds  at  least  twenty  per  cent,  to  their 
appearance,  and  often  more  iJian  that  amount  to 
their  price. 

MOUNTING   THE   COLT. 

Take  your  position  on  the  near  side  of  the  colt, 
stand  with  your  right  side  next  to  the  animal, 
take  hold  of  the  mane  with  your  left  hand,  place 
the  toe  of  the  left  foot  in  the  stirrup,  placing  the 
right  hand  upon  the  back  part  of  the  saddle ;  now 
raise  yourself  up  with  a  quick  spring,  passing  the 
right  leg  over  the  saddle,  and  take  your  seat ;  a 
very  little  practice  will  enable  you  to  perform  this 
feat  with  ease  and  in  a  graceful  manner.  To 
place  your  body  fronting  the  side  of  the  animal  is 
a  very  awkward  position,  and  one  rendering  it 
much  more  difl&cult  to  mount  the  animal.  Should 
the  colt  not  stand  well,  a  few  jerks  with  the  cord 
will  bring  him  to  his  senses,  and  make  him  stand 
until  you  are  seated.     You  are  now  prepared  for 

RIDING   THE   COLT. 

In  riding  the  colt  for  the  first  time,  a  common 
riding  bridle  without  martingale  is  to  be  preferred; 
fasten  the  short  web  around  the  off  fore  foot,  take 
a  short  hold  upon  it  with  the  right  hand  while 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  75 

you  sit  upon  his  back,  holding  the  bridle-rein  in 
the  left  hand ;  should  he  act  badly,  pull  up  the 
off  foot  with  the  web,  at  the  same  time  pat  him 
gently  upon  the  neck  with  the  left  hand ;  there 
is  no  danger  in  taking  up  the  foot  in  this  manner, 
provided  you  do  not  pull  upon  the  reins  at  the 
same  time.  Let  down  the  foot  in  a  few  minutes, 
and  turn  the  colt  around  several  times  by  pulling 
upon  the  off  rein,  then  reverse  the  action  by  pull- 
ing upon  the  near  rein ;  now  turn  him  to  the 
right,  then  to  the  left,  several  times.  Should  he 
still  be  restive,  take  up  the  foot  again,  and  so  re- 
peat until  he  performs  his  part  properly — then  do 
not  fail  to  caress  him.  Make  the  first  lesson  a 
short  one,  and  gradually  increase  it  from  time  to 
time  as  occasion  may  require.  This  method 
rarely  requires  the  whip,  and  is  certainly  attended 
with  less  danger  than  the  old  and  tedious  one  of 
riding  a  colt.     We  now  come  to 

WHIP   TRAINING. 

To  train  a  horse  thoroughly  to  drive  without 
bit  or  line  under  the  whip,  requires  from  four  to 
six  weeks'  time ;  it  requires  also  a  man  of  strong 
nerve  and  self-control  to  be  a  successful  trainer  in 
this  particular  branch.  Whip  training  illustrates 
the  beauty  and  power  of  our  system  of  horse 
training.  Such  a  feat  as  driving  a  horse  without 
bit  or  line  cannot  be  accomplished  by  any  other 
system  known  to  man.  Having  selected  a  horse 
with  a  moderate  share  of  intelligencej  the  next 


76  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

tiling  is  to  secure  a  suitable  place  for  training. 
An  inclosure  twenty-five  or  thirty  feet  square  is 
required.  If  you  liave  it  smaller,  and  your  horse 
should  be  disposed  to  kick,  you  would  be  in 
danger;  if  larger,  it  gives  the  animal  too  much 
room  to  get  away  from  the  whip.  It  is  better 
that  you  go  in  with  the  horse  alone,  as  then  the 
animal  will  have  no  other  object  to  take  his  atten- 
tion. Turn  him  loose  without  bridle  or  halter  in 
the  inclosure ;  take  your  position  in  the  centre, 
holding  in  your  right  hand  a  straight  whip  nine 
or  ten  feet  long ;  you  crack  the  whip  as  you  take 
your  position;  this  alarms  the  horse  and  causes 
him  to  run  into  one  corner  of  the  inclosure; 
crack  it  several  times  that  he  may  learn  that  you 
do  not  intend  to  hurt  him;  now  commence  tap- 
ping him  lightly  upon  the  near  shoulder,  but  not 
to  hurt  him ;  if  a  nervy  fellow  he  is  all  excite- 
ment for  a  few  minutes;  continue  the  tapping 
until  he  turns  his  head  towards  you,  which  he 
will  do  in  a  short  time.  The  moment  he  turns  it, 
however  slight  it  may  be,  cease  the  whipping ;  as 
soon  as  he  turns  it  away  again  repeat  the  tapping 
with  the  whip;  in  a  few  minutes  he  again  turns 
his  head  towards  you;  stop  the  motion  of  the 
whip  :  as  he  turns  away  repeat  the  whip-tapping 
as  before;  in  a  very  short  time  he  turns  around 
so  that  you  can  approach  him;  now  gently  caress 
him ;  move  away  and  again  approach  him ;  should 
he  turn  away  repeat  the  whipping :  by  this  means 
you  teach  him  to  come  to  you  on  the  near  side. 
After  he  has  learned  this  thoroughly,  which  re- 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY,  77 

quires  about  one  week's  training,  half  an  hour 
each  day,  then  proceed  in  the  same  manner  upon 
the  off  side ;  as  soon  as  he  obeys  the  motion  of 
the  whip  upon  this  side,  take  your  position  behind 
him,  and  turn  him  by  the  motion  of  the  whip,  to 
the  right  or  to  the  left ;  as  soon  as  he  performs 
nicely,  put  the  harness  upon  him,  take  the  lines 
behind  him,  and,  as  you  give  him  the  word  to 
go  forwards,  throw  the  whip  down  by  his  right 
side  without  touching  him,  at  the  same  time 
have  the  long  web  around  the  rear  fore  foot,  and 
give  it  to  an  assistant;  you  want  him  to  stop, 
give  him  the  word  ivJioa^  at  the  same  time  your 
assistant  pulls  up  the  foot,  turn  the  whip  in  a 
horizontal  position  above  your  head — in  thi^  way 
you  teach  him  that  the  whip  in  that  position 
means  whoa.  By  repeating  these  motions,  he 
learns  in  about  four  weeks  to  turn  to  the  right 
whenever  the  whip  is  thrown  towards  the  right 
shoulder;  to  the  left  when  thrown  towards  the 
left  shoulder ;  to  go  ahead  when  thrown  down  by 
the  right  side ;  and  to  stop  when  held  in  a  hori- 
zontal position.  You  now  want  to  teach  him  to 
back ;  having  previously  instructed  him  accord- 
ing to  our  rule,  put  the  cord,  using  the  small 
loop,  in  his  mouth ;  take  the  cord  in  your  hand 
with  the  reins,  pull  upon  the  reins,  and  say  Back, 
at  the  same  time  keep  the  whip  directly  over  the 
animal's  back,  giving  it  an  upward  and  downward 
motion,  or  you  may  tap  him  gently  upon  the  back 
with  the  whip — this  is  best  done  in  a  sulky.  If 
he  starts  forward,  set  him  back  by  pulling  quickly 
7* 


78  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

upon  the  cord ;  repeat  the  operation  until  he  wiil 
go  back  by  the  motion  of  the  whip  alone.  Should 
he  make  repeated  efforts  to  go  forward,  bring  the 
whip  quickly  once  or  twice  down  over  his  nose, 
he  will  not  then  repeat  the  operation  very  often; 
with  this  training,  it  is  necessary  to  use  an  open 
bridle,  so  that  the  animal  will  see  the  motions  of 
the  whip ;  you  are  now  prepared  to  hook  him  up 
for  the  first  drive.  Take  an  assistant  with  you ; 
have  the  foot-strap  or  long  web  secured  upon  the 
near  fore  foot;  give  it  in  charge  of  your  assistant; 
let  the  lines  lie  over  the  dash,  as  a  matter  of  pre- 
caution. Now  commence  operations  with  the 
whip;  if  the  animal  acts  promptly,  remove  the 
foot  web,  and  begin  again,  having  the  lines  over 
the  dash  as  before ;  drive  the  animal  in  this  way 
at  least  two  or  three  weeks  before  removing  the 
bit  from  the  mouth.  Your  horse  is  now  safe  to 
drive  under  the  whip. 

TO   TEACH   A   HORSE   TRICKS. 

It  is  necessary,  in  teaching  horses  to  perform 
tricks,  to  have  in  addition  to  the  webbing  the  im- 
plements known  as  the  Rarey  straps,  by  which 
means  you  teach  the  animal  to  lie  down,  &c. 

THE   SHORT   STRAP. 

A  common  breeching  strap  is  all  that  is  neces- 
sary ;  it  is  used  to  strap  up  the  foot  (see  engrav- 
ing). Open  the  loop,  keeping  the  buckle  on  the 
outside,  put  the  loop  over  the  foot,  then  raise  the 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  79 


THE  SHORT  STRAP. 


foot  and  pass  the  strap  around  the  fore-arm  from 
the  inside,  and  buckle  it  tight;  this  holds  the  foot 
up  firmly. 


PtJLLING  UP  THK  FOOT. 


80  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 

THE   LONG   STRAP. 

This  is  a  strap  whicli  buckles  around  the  foot. 
It  has  a  ring  in  it,  to  which  is  buckled  another 
strap  seven  or  eight  feet  long,  or  the  short  web 
will  answer  the  purpose.  This  is  put  upon  the 
right  foot  passing  it  under  the  girth  (see  engrav- 
ing at  foot  of  p.  79),  or  over  the  back  for  the 
purpose  of  taking  up  the  foot,  when  we  want  to 
bring  the  animal  upon  his  knees. 

TO   TEACH   A   COLT   TO   FOLLOW   YOU. 

Take  the  cord,  using  the  small  loop,  give  him 
a  few  quick  pulls  right  and  left,  then  take  your 
position  on  one  side  opposite  the  shoulder,  give  a 
quick  pull  upon  the  cord,  which  brings  him  to- 
wards you;  at  the  same  time  say,  Come  here,  sir; 
as  he  obeys,  caress  him.  Repeat  this  until  he 
will  come  without  the  pull,  then  take  your  posi- 
tion upon  the  other  side  and  proceed  in  the  same 
way.  You  will  soon  have  him  so  that  he  will 
follow  in  any  direction. 

TO   TEACH   A   HORSE   TO   LIE   DOWN. 

Take  your  position  upon  the  near  side ;  strap 
up  the  near  fore  foot,  using  the  short  strap ;  have 
a  good  strong  bridle  with  cheek  pieces,  so.  as  to 
prevent  the  bit  from  pulling  through  the  mouth. 
Tie  a  knot  in  the  bridle-rein  over  the  neck,  take  a 
short  hold  of  the  bridk-rein  with  the  left  hand, 
the  right  hand  holding  the  off  rein ;  now  press 
him  backwards;  and  as  you  do  so  he  comes  down 


HORSE-TRAININO   MADE  EASY.  81 


FOOT  STEAPPED  UP. 


LEARNING  TO  LIE  DOWN, 


82 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE    EASY. 


gently  upon  his  near  knee ;  let  him  rest  awhile 
in  that  position.  Whenever  he  attempts  to  jump 
pull  him  towards  you,  and  press  back  as  before  j 


THE  STRUGGLE. 


after  repeating  this  two  or  three  times  most  horses 
will  lie  down ;  if  you  do  not  succeed,  however, 
put  on  the  long  strap,  passing  it  under  the  girth, 
or,  what  is  better,  over  the  back;  take  a  short 
hold  of  the  strap  with  the  right  hand,  pull  him 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 


PEOPER  POSITION. 


towards  you  witli  the  left  hand,  and  as  he  steps 
pull  up  the  right  foot,  this  brings  him  upon  his 


COMING  ON  ma  KNEES. 


knees ;  keep  him  there  until  he  lies  down,  then 
caress  him,  handle  him  gently  all  over,  knock  his 
feet  together,  pull  his  head  up  and  lay  it  down 


84  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY. 


GETTINS  READT. 


DOWN  AT  LAST. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  85 

carefully ;  repeat  this  operation  several  times,  and 
he  will  soon  learn  to  lie  clown  by  merely  raising 
the  near  front  foot,  or  lightly  tapping  it  with  a 
whip. 

TO    SIT    UP. 

Lay  the  animal  down  as  previously  directed, 
having  a  collar  upon  him;  place  a  hobble  or 
strap,  with  a  ring  in  it,  around  each  hind  foot ; 
take  a  pair  of  ordinary  driving  lines,  pass  the 
b'lckle-end  through  the  collar  back  to  the  ring  in 
the  hobble,  and  buckle  them ;  pull  the  feet  up 
towards  the  shoulders,  and  carry  the  lines  back 
to  the  hind  quarters,  hold  them  firmly  in  one 
hand,  or  give  them  to  an  assistant.  Have  a  bridle 
with  a  long  rein  upon  the  animal ;  take  the  rein 
in  your  hand,  stand  upon  the  tail,  and  pull  upon 
the  bridle-rein,  keeping  the  lines  firm  at  the  same 
time ;  this  brings  him  up  in  front,  and  prevents 
his  getting  his  hind  feet  back  far  enough  to  rise 
upon  them,  they  being  drawn  forwards  and  se- 
curely held  by  the  lines.  Repeat  the  operation  a 
few  times — say  two  or  three  times  a  day — and  he 
soon  learns  to  lie  down  at  the  word.  This  is  the 
method  usually  practised  upon  circus  horses. 

TO   MAKE   A   HORSE   BOW. 

Stand  upon  the  near  side,  and  with  a  pin  in 
your  right  hand  prick  the  animal  lightly  in  the 
breast,  and  say  Make  a  bow,  sir;  he  will  soon  learn 
to  throw  his  head  downwards ;  when  he  does  so 
caress  him;  by  repeating  this  operation  a  few 
8 


86  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

times  lie  soon  learns  to  bow  by  merely  pointing 
the  hand  towards  his  breast,  or  if  learned  by  a 
motion  of  the  foot.  In  all  cases  when  training 
horses  to  perform  tricks,  it  is  necessary  that  they 
should  have  a  bridle  without  winkers,  or  else 
have  the  head  bare. 

TO  ANSWER   QUESTIONS. 

Take  your  position  as  before,  and  with  a  pin 
in  your  right  hand,  prick  him  lightly  anywhere 
along  the  mane  or  over  the  withers,  (ask  ,such 
questions  as  you  want  answered  in  the  negative,) 
this  causes  him  to  shake  his  head,  which  he  will 
do  also  when  bothered  with  flies  upon  the  neck 
during  fly  time.  It  was  this  circumstance  which 
suggested  the  use  of  the  pin  to  make  a  horse  say 
no.  By  repeating  this  operation  a  few  times  he 
will  shake  his  head  by  simply  raising  the  hand  to 
your  head  as  if  to  raise  your  hat;  this  motion  of 
the  head  indicates  no.  Nodding  the  head  by 
pricking  the  breast  signifies  yes ;  always  ask  the 
question  before  making  the  motion  with  your  hand. 

TO   KISS   YOU. 

To  teach  a  horse  to  kiss  you,  take  a  piece  of 
apple  in  your  hand,  let  the  horse  smell  it,  he  will 
then  try  to  get  it  from  you,  carry  it  up  to  your 
mouth  and  hold  it  between  your  teeth,  let  him 
take  it  from  your  mouth ;  repeat  this  a  few  times 
and  use  the  words.  Kiss  me ;  he  soon  learns  that 
Kiss  me,  means  apple,  and  he  puts  up  his  mouth 
to  yours  to  take  it  away;  when  operating  privately 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  87 

always  give  it  to  him,  and  lie  will  then  obey  you 
promptly  when  showing  him  publicly. 

TO    SHAKE   HANDS.  . 

Take  your  position  in  front  of  the  horse,  say 
Grive  me  your  right  foot,  or  Shake  hands ;  he  does 
not  understand  you ;  you  convey  the  idea  to  him 
by  taking  a  pin  and  gently  pricking  him  upon  the 
right  leg,  he  at  once  lifts  it  up;  as  he  does  so  take 
it  in  your  hand  and  caress  him ;  he  understands 
by  this  that  he  has  done  what  you  wanted  him  to 
do;  after  repeating  this  a  few  times,  put  your 
hand  towards  his  leg  and  crack  the  thumb  and 
fingers,  he  anticipating  the  prick  lifts  his  foot; 
should  he  fail  to  do  so  have  your  pin  handy  and 
use  it  Hghtly.  By  this  means  he  soon  learns  to 
give  you  the  foot  at  the  crack  of  the  thumb  and 
fingers.  As  soon  as  he  gives  one  freely,  teach  him 
in  the  same  manner  to  give  the  other  one. 

TO   KICK   WITH   THE   RIGHT   OR  LEFT   FOOT. 

Care  must  be  taken  in  teaching  this  trick,  that 
you  have  a  horse  not  predisposed  to  vicious  pro- 
pensities, or  you  may  make  a  confirmed  kicker ; 
and  then  you  will  have  the  habit  to  break  up.  A 
horse  of  a  mild  disposition  may  be  taught  to 
perform  thus  without  the  risk  of  his  becoming  a 
kicker.  I  have  taught  one  of  my  ponies  to  kick 
when  I  desire  him  to  do  so,  and  he  cannot  be 
made  to  kick  unless  the  whip  is  used  lightly  upon 
his  hind  parts.     Having   selected  your  animal, 


88  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 

^take  a  pin  in  your  rigtt  hand,  prick  the  near 
hind  leg  with  it  and  say  Kick  with  the  left  foot ; 
the  animal  soon  learns  to  obey.  Then  proceed  with 
the  opposite  leg  in  the  same  manner.  After  the 
horse  will  kick  with  either  foot,  by  a  motion 
of  the  hand  without  pricking  him  you  will  stand 
off  a  short  distance,  with  a  long  whip  in  your 
hand;  touch  the  near  hind  foot  and  say  Kick  with 
the  left  foot;  then  proceed  in  the  same  manner 
with  the  right  foot.  By  proceeding  thus  once  a 
day  the  animal  will  soon  learn  to  do  his  part  very 
nicely. 

LEARNING  TO  WALTZ. 

Some  horses  seem  to  love  music,  and  can 
readily  be  taught  to  waltz  or  dance.  Use  a  girth 
around  the  body,  upon  the  near  side  of  which 
buckle  a  short  strap,  having  a  loop  at  one 
end,  to  fasten  to  the  ring  of  the  bit ;  draw  the 
strap  through  the  girth  buckle  so  as  to  incline 
the  head  a  little  to  the  near  side ;  have  one  or 
two  good  pieces  of  music,  and  play  any  waltz  that 
may  be  desired ;  at  the  same  time  turn  the  animal 
by  the  use  of  the  whip  lightly  upon  his  legs ;  he 
soon  learns  to  turn  merely  by  a  motion  of  the 
whip  without  touching  him.  After  repeating  this 
lesson  once  a  day  for  three  or  four  weeks,  the  strap 
may  be  removed,  leaving  his  head  free. 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  91 


HINTS  UPON  SHOEING. 

A  glance  at  the  skeleton  of  the  horse  will  at 
once  serve  to  convince  us  that  the  animal  is 
formed  at  the  same  time  for  strength,  and  for 
celerity  and  ease  of  motion.  If  we  look  at  the 
fore  limbs  we  shall  see  that  the  scapula,  No.  3, 
recedes  « from  the  shoulder-joint,  falling  back 
obliquely;  its  upper  part  uniting  with  the  spinous 
processes  of  the  anterior  dorsal  vertebrae,  No.  14, 
to  form  the  withers.  The  shoulder-bone  No.  4 
retreats,  forming  an  angle  at  the  elbow-joint;  the 
fore  arm  consists  of  two  pieces.  No.  5,  the  radius 
and  ulna  consolidated  as  one  bone  in  the  mature 
horse;  this  is  followed  by  a  double  row  of  small 
bones,  No.  9,  the  carpus  or  wrist  bones,  seven  in 
number.  These  are  succeeded  by  the  metacarpus, 
No.  10,  with  two  slender  splint  bones  attached 
posteriorly  to  its  upper  part.  To  these  succeed 
the  three  phalangeal  bones,  Nos.  11,  12,  and  13. 
There  are  besides  a  small  pair  of  bones  situated 
behind  the  fetlock  joint  called  sessamoides,  and  a 
small  bone  situated  behind,  and  between  Nos.  12 
and  13,  called  the  navicular  bone.  The  coffin  bone, 
No.  13,  is  enclosed  in  the  hoof,  which  consists  of 
thick,  firm,  rounded  horn,  having  a  certain  degree 
of  expansibility ;  and  underneath,  forming  a  sort 
of  sole,  is  a  part  called  the  frog ;  it  is  an  elastic 
cushion,  and  in  a  healthy  state  prevents  con- 
cussion.    At  each  step  the  frog  yields  under  the 


92  HORSE-TRAININa  MADE  EASY. 

weight  of  the  animal,  and  swelling  out  laterally 
expands  the  heels  of  the  hoof.  This  frog  ought 
always  to  touch  the  ground ;  it  does  so  naturally, 
and  where  bad  shoeing  prevents  it,  the  crust  of 
the  hoof  soon  becomes  hard,  brittle,  and  unyielding, 
causing  a  shock  at  every  step  as  the  animal  trots 
over  the  hard  road.  Inflammation  and  alteration 
of  structure  soon  supervene.  The  posterior  limbs 
are  modelled  on  a  similar  plan.  Now  from  the 
angles  which  the  bones  of  the  limbs  make  with 
each  other  at  the  joints,  the  force  of  every  shock 
as  the  animal  trots  or  gallops  is  greatly  broken ; 
-its  very  step  is  light  and  elastic;  and  this  not 
only  results  from  the  obliquity  of  the  bones  in 
question,  but  particularly  from  the  yielding  spring 
of  the  pastern,  its  elasticity  being  provided  for 
by  a  ligament  which  passes  down  the  back  of  the 
cannon  bone,  No.  10,  and  along  the  pasterns  to 
the  coffin  bone  11, 12,  and  13.  Nor  is  the  spring 
of  the  elastic  frog  to  be  here  overlooked;  it  also 
contributes  an  important  share  to  the  easy  pro- 
gression of  the  horse,  the  action  of  whose  limbs 
as  he  moves  is,  or  ought  to  be  free,  vigorous,  and 
springy.  But  alas  !  how  often  do  we  see  the 
knees  distorted  with  overtoil,  and  the  pasterns 
rigid  and  swollen  from  disease ! 

Shoeing  is  generally  regarded  as  a  necessary 
evil ;  and  were  it  not  for  our  paved  streets  and 
turnpiked  roads,  an  evil  which  might  in  a  great 
measure  be  well  dispensed  with.  As  it  is,  our 
object  should  be  to  observe  as  closely  as  possible 
three  important  rules  in  shoeing  horses :  1st.  To 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  93 

preserve  the  natnral  bearing  of  the  foot :  2d.  To 
preserve  the  hoof  in  its  natural  shape :  8d. 
To  protect  the  foot  from  injury.  If  we  observe 
the  foot  of  the  unshod  horse,  we  find  the  hoof  has 
a  perfectly  level  bearing  upon  the  crust  or  wall 
as  it  rests  upon  the  ground,  as  well  as  upon  the 
frog,  which,  as  previously  stated,  acts  as  an  elastic 
cushion  preventing  concussion  and  expanding  the 
heels,  which  relieves  the  pressure  upon  the  sensi- 
tive and  delicate  structure  within  the  hoof,  that 
otherwise  would  occur  were  the  hoof  hard  and 
unyielding.  It  is  unnecessary  as  well  as  unin- 
teresting to  the  general  reader  for  us  to  go  into  a 
minute  description  of  the  structure  of  the  horse's 
foot.  Those  who  desire  such  information  can  obtain 
it  by  consulting  Jennings  on  "  The  Horse  and  his 
Diseases.^^  The  sole  or  ground  surface  of  the  foot 
is  all  that  part  of  the  foot  situated  between  the 
frog  and  the  crust  or  wall;  this  sole  should  not 
come  in  contact  with  either  the  ground  or  the 
shoe.  Supposing  now  the  reader  to  understand 
our  meaning. 

In  order  to  preserve  the  level  bearing  of  the 
foot,  it  is  necessary  that  the  shoe  be  made  with 
a  perfectly  level  surface  upon  the  foot  side,  for 
the  crust  to  rest  upon.  Beyond  that  point  it 
should  be  bevelled  inwards,  in  order  to  prevent 
pressure  upon  the  sole.  The  frog  should  remain 
untouched  with  the  knife,  except  to  trim  off  any 
ragged  edges.  The  moment  the  substance  of  the 
frog  is  cut  away,  that  moment  it  begins  to  lose  its 
moisture ;  hence  its  elasticity.     It  becomes  hard 


94  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

and  brittle  often  as  the  lioof  itself;  its  function 
is  thus  destroyed,  and  it  now  acts  as  a  foreign 
body,  bruising  the  sole,  causing  diseases  of  various 
kinds  to  arise.  If  we  examine  the  feet  of  horses 
shod  in  the  ordinary  manner — and  there  are  few 
others — we  find  in  place  of  the  shoe  having  a 
level  bearing  for  the  crust,  it  is  bevelled  from 
without  inwards,  so  that  the  foot  rests  upon  a 
concave  instead  of  a  level  surface.  The  conse- 
quence is,  the  heels,  instead  of  expanding  up 
these  inclined  planes,  are  actually  pressed  in- 
wards, in  consequence  of  the  lateral  pressure 
thus  brought  to  bear  upon  them.  This,  as  a 
natural  result,  causes  contraction  of  the  hoof 
sooner  or  later,  causing  a  hard,  brittle  condition 
of  the  hoof,  predisposing  it  to  split,  producing 
toe,  quarter,  or  other  cracks,  which  never  occur 
in  an  elastic  hoof;  corns  soon  follow  contraction 
of  the  hoof,  often  producing  very  severe  lame- 
ness, and  leading  to  diseases  of  a  more  serious 
nature.  When  we  have  a  contracted  foot,  it  is 
only  necessary  to  reverse  the  bearing  of  the  shoe 
— that  is,  the  bearing  at  the  heels  back  from  the 
last  nail-hole  should  be  very  slightly  bevelled  out- 
wards. This  has  a  direct  tendency  to  gradually 
facilitate  the  expansion  of  the  heels.  Dr.  R.  Jen- 
nings's Hoof  Ointment  is  one  of  the  best  appli- 
cations that  can  be  made  to  a  contracted  hoof; 
it  restores  its  elasticity,  and  promotes  a  healthy 
condition  of  the  hoof.  And  here  let  me  caution 
the  smith,  in  bevelling  the  shoe,  to  give  it  a  very 
little  slant,  from  the  last  nail-hole  on  either  side, 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.     .  95 

not  more  than  the  twentieth  part  of  an  inch; 
otherwise  more  harm  than  good  will  be  likely  to 
follow  its  application. 

PREPARING    THE    FOOT   FOR    THE    SHOE. 

This,  as  a  mechanical  operation,  requires  a  man 
)f  good,  sound  judgment  to  properly  perform  his 
fl^ork.  The  gropth  of  the  hoof  is  about  equal  to 
its  wear  when  the  animal  remains  unshod,  other- 
wise the  hoof  would  be  worn  too  short  or  become 
too  long.  Our  object,  then,  in  paring  the  foot, 
is  to  remove  so  much  of  the  hoof  as  would  have 
been  worn  away  had  not  the  shoe  prevented  such 
wear.  Any  deviation  from  this  rule  causes  the 
feet  to  become  unusually  long,  the  sole  thick,  &c., 
causing  the  animal  to  stumble  at  almost  every 
step.  In  preparing  the  foot  for  'the  shoe,  after 
carefully  removing  any  old  stubs  that  might  re- 
main, the  crust  should  be  lowered  with  the  rasp 
from  the  toe  to  the  heels,  the  sole  then  should 
be  pared  with  the  drawing-knife  in  preference  to 
the  buttress.  The  feet  should  be  poulticed  the 
night  before  being  shod,  with  linseed  meal ;  this 
will  so  soften  the  hoof  as  to  enable  the  smith  to 
pare  the  feet  without  difficulty.  Care  must  be 
taken  to  remove  a  portion  of  the  horn  between 
the  crust  and  bars,  so  that  the  heels  of  the  crust 
should  be  higher  than  the  heels  of  the  sole.  The 
bars  will  simply  require  cleaning  out,  removing 
any  loose  portions  without  diminishing  their 
strength.  All  ragged  portions  of  the  frog  should 
be  removed,  but  the  frog  must  by  no  means  be 


96  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE   EASY. 

cut  away  merely  because  tlie  smitli  fancies  it  to 
be  too  large.  In  weak  feet,  very  little  paring  is 
required;  tbe  heels,  however,  require  the  nicest 
care  for  their  protection  from  inj^ury  in  shoeing. 
No  fixed  rules  can  be  laid  down  for  paring  the 
feet;  that  must  be  determined  by  the  nature  and 
condition  of  these  appendages. 

APPLICATION   OP   THE    SHOE   TO   THE   FOOT. 

The  shoe  should  be  set  as  near  the  outer  mar- 
gin of  the  crust  as  possible ;  by  so  doing,  we 
have  the  crust  as  the  main  support  of  the  foot, 
as  nature  intended  it  should  be.  By  setting  the 
shoe  back  a  quarter  or  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
from  the  outer  margin  of  the  crust,  as  is  often 
done,  at  least  one -half  of  the  bearing  surface 
of  the  foot  is  destroyed.  It  is  therefore  weak- 
ened in  exact  proportion  as  it  is  cut  away, 
besides  greatly  reducing  the  space  for  driving 
the  nails,  thus  rendering  them  more  liable  to  do 
injury,  by  being  driven  too  close  to  the  sensitive 
structure,  or  by  pricking  the  foot.  The  nails 
should  be  pointed  with  great  care,  in  order  that 
they  may  be  driven  with  a  greater  degree  of  cer- 
tainty. Eight  nail-holes  are  usually  punched  in 
the  shoe;  but  our  experience  teaches  us  that 
injury  is  often  prevented  by  leaving  out  the 
quarter  nail  upon  the  inside  of  the  foot.  If  it 
should  be  thought  necessary,  it  may  be  put  in  at 
the  toe  instead. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  97 


CLIPS   UPON   THE    SHOE. 

These  should  not  be  used,  as  they  are  the* 
frequent  cause  of  an  obscure  lameness,  often 
giving  rise  to  much  trouble.  The  growth  of  the 
horn  being  from  above  downwards,  the  clip  offers 
an  obstruction  to  the  growth  of  the  hoof,  which 
cannot  be  overcome ;  hence  it  is  turned  inwards 
upon  the  soft  structures  of  the  foot.  This  is 
readily  seen  after  death,  in  the  hoof  of  a  horse 
which  has  been  shod  several  years  with  the  clip. 
Removal  of  the  cause  will  enable  the  animal  to 
get  entirely  over  the  lameness  in  two  or  three 
months.  I  have  restored  horses  to  perfect  sound- 
ness in  this  way  very  frequently,  even  after  a 
lameness  of  two  and  three  years'  standing.  When 
it  is  thought  necessary  to  use  a  clip,  one  of  the 
smallest  kind  should  be  employed. 

INTERFERING. 

Many  horses  are  in  the  habit  of  interfering 
and  many  ingenious  methods  have  from  time  to 
time  been  devised  to  prevent  this  troublesome 
habit.  Both  the  hind  and  fore  legs  are  subject 
to  cutting  or  striking,  usually  about  the  fetlock 
joint.  In  the  front  feet,  however,  we  sometimes 
find  them  striking  just  below  the  knee-joint, 
producing  an  enlargement  known  as  a  speedy 
cut.  We  should,  when  this  habit  exists,  first 
ascertain  the  cause  as  nearly  as  possible,  and  the 
part  which  strikes,  whether  the  shoe  or  the  foot. 
Many  horses  interfere  only  when  leg-weary.  Par- 
9 


98  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

ticularly  is  tliis  the  case  with  colts.  Some  horses 
strike  when  shod  with  heavy  shoes,  but  do  not 
do  so  with  light  ones.  Others  interfere  from 
some  peculiarity  in  the  conformation  of  the  limbs. 
The  most  successful  plan  of  preventing  this  habit, 
is  to  "Straighten  the  inside  of  the  shoe,  from  the 
toe  to  the  quarter,  allowing  the  heel  of  the  shoe 
on  the  inside  the  same  inclination  that  it  .would 
have  ordinarily  applied.  Two  nails  only  should 
be  driven  on  the  inside  of  the  foot  with  this  shoe. 
This  is  an  exception  to  our  rule  in  applying  the 
shoe,  but  it  usually  has  the  desired  effect.  By 
no  moans  make  the  shoe  higher  on  one  side  than 
the  other,  as  it  causes  unequal  concussion  upon 
the  limb  when  the  animal  is  in  motion ;  hence 
predisposing  the  joints  to  injury.  In  some  rare 
cases,  widening  the  web  of  the  shoe,  as  well  as 
straightening  it  upon  the  inside,  has  the  desired 
effect,  when  simply  straightening  fails  to  accom- 
plish the  purpose. 

OVERREACHING. 

Many  very  good  horses  have  this  troublesome 
habit.  Young  horses  are  more  subject  to  over- 
reaching than  old  ones;  it  very  frequently  disap- 
pears as  the  speed  of  the  animal  is  increased.  At 
a  moderate  gait  the  front  feet  do  not  always  get 
out  of  the  way  in  time  for  the  hind  ones  as  they 
are  brought  forwards,  hence  a  collision  takes 
place.  •  Sometimes  the  heels  are  cut  or  bruised 
iDadly,  and  occasionally  the  shoes  are  torn  from 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  99 

the  front  feet.  The  most  successful  means  of 
preventing  this  habit,  is  to  make  the  front  shoes 
a  Httle  lighter,  which  facilitates  their  motion,  the 
animal  lifting  them  up  so  quickly — the  hind  ones 
should  be  a  little  heavier.  Trifling  as  this  differ- 
ence may  appear,  it  is  very  generally  successful ; 
an  ounce  of  iron  will  make  a  very  marked  differ- 
eace  in  the  movement  of  most  animals,  as  much 
so  as  weight  upon  the  back. 

SHOEING   HORSES   WITH   CORNS. 

The  corn  should  be  well  cut  out,  and  then 
burned  with  a  red-hot  iron,  muriatic  acid,  or  but- 
ter of  antimony.  The  shoe  recommended  for 
contracted  feet  should  be  here  applied ;  the  hoof 
backwards  from  the  corn  to  the  heel  should  be 
removed,  so  that  no  part  of  the  hoof  back  from 
the  corn  have  any  bearing  upon  the  shoe;  by  this 
means  we  prevent  all  concussion  that  otherwise 
would  fall  upon  the  part  affected;  the  animal  thus 
shod  will  travel  sound  though  the  corn  be  a  bad 
one.  Much  depends  upon  the  careful  and  ski'ful 
application  of  the  shoe,  independently  of  its  being 
constructed  on  proper  principles.  Many  horses 
with  very  bad  feet  are  enabled  to  go  sound  for 
years  by  a  combination  of  care  and  skill,  while  on 
the  contrary  a  single  shoeing  done  by  a  bungling 
workman  would  suffice  to  lame  them.  It  requires 
considerable  skill  to  fit  a  shoe  properly  on  a  bad 
foot,  so  as  to  save  the  weakest  parts  and  econo- 
mize the  horn. 


100  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

STOPPING   THE    FEET. 

When  we  take  into  consideration  the  unnatural 
condition  in  which  the  feet  of  the  horse  in  a  state 
of  domestication  are  brought,  by  naihng  upon  them 
the  iron  shoe,  and  standing  them  upon  plank 
floors,  we  can  readily  understand  why  it  is,  that 
the  hoof  so  soon  becomes  hard,  brittle,  and  con- 
tracted. 1st.  There  is  no  moisture  absorbed  by 
the  foot  from  either  the  shoe  or  the  plank.  If 
we  stand  the  horse  upon  the  ground,  it  is  but  lit- 
tle better,  as  such  floors  are  usually  very  dry,  or 
else  they  are  in  a  filthy  condition  in  consequence 
of  the  urine  which  the  animal  has  passed  off,  pre- 
disposing the  feet  to  thrush,  &c.  In  consideration 
of  the  above  facts  it  is  our  duty  to  protect  the 
feet  by  artificial  means.  To  do  this  effectually, 
the  feet  should  be  stopped  with  flaxseed  meal 
mixed  with  water,  that  is  when  the  meal  is  mixed 
the  soles  should  be  packed  full,  say  once  or  twice 
a  week  during  the  winter  season,  and  three  or  four 
times  a  week  during  the  summer  season.  A  small 
quantity  of  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Hoof  Ointment 
applied  to  the  upper  part  of  the  crust  will  be 
found  of  very  great  advantage;  it  softens  the 
hoof  and  causes  a  healthy  secretion  of  horn,  or 
hoof.  For  a  more  perfect  description  of  shoeing 
and  the  injuries  consequent  thereto,  see  Dr.  R. 
Jennings  on  "■  The  Horse  and  his  Diseases.^' 

THINGS   WORTH   KNOWING. 

A  man  to  control  a  horse  must  learn  to  control 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE   EASY.  101 

himself.    What  you  do  must  be  done  thoroughly, 
or  better  not  do  it  at  all. 

Once  handling  a  horse  produces  but  a  tempo- 
pary  effect.  "A  merciful  man  is  merciful  to  his 
beast." 

On  first  hitching  a  colt  in  the  stable,  put  a 
rope  behind  him,  so  that  he  cannot  pull  back 
upon  the  halter.  Light  stables  are  preferable  to 
dark  ones.  Why?  On  taking  a  horse  from  a 
dark  stable  the  pupil  of  the  eye  is  dilated,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  change  from  a  dark  place  to  a 
light  one ;  the  pupil  is  acted  upon  too  suddenly 
and  severely;  the  result  is,  the  animal  cannot 
distinguish  objects  until  the  pupil  of  the  eye  con- 
tracts. 

Stuff  the  feet  often,  and  use  occasionally  Dr.  R. 
Jennings's  Hoof  Ointment,  if  you  would  keep 
the  feet  of  your  horses  in  a  healthy  condition. 

Drive  fast,  and  stop  often. 

Pay  the  groom  liberally,  it  will  pay  you  back 
in  the  care  of  your  horse. 

To  warrant  a  horse  free  from  vice  is  to  make 
use  of  an  almost  indefinite  term,  for  its  bounda- 
ries are  neither  well  defined  nor  understood ;  and 
under  this  sweeping  term  might  be  included 
many  faults  generally  considered  trivial.  Slipping 
the  collar,  weaving  in  the  stall,  &c.,  might  all 
equally  be  construed  into  vice. 

To  warrant  a  horse  perfectly  free  from  vice  is 
great  folly,  because  it  will  always  admit  of  a 
quibble. 

In  law,  the  word  ^'warranted"  extends  merely 
9* 


102  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

to  soundness;  '^warranted  sound"  has  no  greater 
extent. 

^'  Warranted  sound,  free  from  vice,  and  quiet 
to  ride  or  drive,"  covers  everything  but  age.  The 
warranty  should  always  be  written.  If  you  are 
about  purchasing  a  horse,  it  would  be  to  your 
interest  to  consult  some  reliable  veterinary  sur- 
geon. Things  which  cost  least  are  not  always  the 
cheapest,  but  prove  in  the  end  very  dear.  Cheap- 
ness is  the  surest  bait  in  the  world. 

Quantity  may  be  estimated  by  an  uneducated 
eye :  to  discern  the  quality  of  anything,  requires 
experience  and  judgment.  If  you  have  a  horse 
you  wish  to  match,  do  not  let  the  dealer  know 
your  object,  or  he  will  demand  a  higher  price. 

"  The  eye  of  the  master  makes  the  horse  fat." 

"  He  who  buys,  had  need  have  an  hundred 
eyes." 

'^  What  is  everybody's  business  is  nobody's 
business." 

Try  before  you  buy.    . 

To  make  a  horse  have  a  fine  coat, 

Feed  well,  clothe  warmly,  sweat  often,  groom 
well,  and  use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Condition  Pow- 
der. 

To  remove  a  horse  from  a  burning  stable,  blind-. 
fold  him. 

Never  quarrel  with  your  horse. 

Wet  the  hay  for  a  horse  with  heaves,  and  use 
Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Heave  or  Cough  Powder. 

Grood  grooming  promotes  the  health  of  horses. 

Never  let  your  horse  know  that  he  can  resist 

you. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 


103 


Never  bleed  a  horse  wlien  the  membrane  lining 
the  nose  presents  a  bluish  appearance,  as  it  de- 
notes a  debilitated  condition  of  the  system;  under 
such  circumstances  the  animal  wants  a  liberal 
diet,  and  strong  tonic  treatment. 

Never  drench  a  horse  if  it  can  be  avoided,  but 
always  administer  medicine  in  the  form  of  ball  or 
powder.  The  anatomical  structure  of  the  horse's 
throat  renders  drenching  exceedingly  dangerous. 

Drenching  is  the  best  way  of  administering 
medicine  to  cattle. 

To  ball  a  horse  properly,  take  the  tongue  in 
the  left  hand,  bringing  it  out  on  the  off-side  of 
the  mouth,  then  take  the  ball  in  the  right  hand 
biitween  the  thumb  and  first  two  fingers,  pass  it 
over  the  curve  of  the  tongue,  and  let  it  go;  do 
not  be  in  too  much  of  a  hurry,  or  you  will  be 
likely  to  fail  in  giving  it. 

Never  feed  corn  or  corn  ineal  to  horses  which 
are  not  in  a  healthy  condition. 


104  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 


DISEASES  OF  THE  HORSE. 

This  noble  animal,  more  than  any  other  of  our 
domestic  animals,  is  subject  to  diseases,  which 
are  as  numerous  and  varied  as  are  those  of  man, 
generally  assuming  an  inflammatory  character  of 
either  the  sthenic  or  asthenic  form.     By 

•STHENIC  INFLAMMATION 

We  mean  its  acute  form,  which  is  the  most  com- 
mon stage  of  inflammation.  It  is  generally  rapid 
in  its  attacks,  certain  in  its  cause,  quick  in  its 
course,  or  in  the  development  of  its  terminations 
or  consequences,  and  strongly  marked  in  its  symp- 
toms and  attendant  fever.  The  most  acute  forms 
of  inflammation  are  Founder,  Inflammation  of  the 
Bowels,  Lymphatics,*^'Lungs,  and  other  forms  of 
chest  and  abdominal  inflammations. 

ASTHENIC   INFLAMMATION.       ^ 

This  is  characterized  by  a  feeble  and  debili- 
tated state  of  the  organism ;  by  an  uncertainty 
in  many  instances  as  to  the  real  nature  of  its 
cause ;  by  an  insidiousness  in  its  progress ;  by  a 
want  of  that  precise  certainty  in  its  symptoms, 
which  is  so  characteristic  a  feature  of  the  acute 
sthenic  kinds ;  by  being  attended  with  fever  of  a 
low  typhoid  nature ;  and,  by  its  greater  proneness 
in  the  generality  of  cases  to  spread  to  nearly  all 
the  soft  tissues;  and  terminate  in  gangrene  and 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  105 

death.  The  most  common  forms  in  which  asthe- 
nic inflammation  is  manifested  are  those  of  Ty- 
phoid, Pleuro-Pneumonia,  the  ordinary  Typhoid 
Influenza,  Scarlatina  Maligna,  &c. 

TERMINATIONS    OF   INFLAMMATION. 

Inflammation  has  several  terminations,  which 
are  designated  by  the  following  terms  : — Resolu- 
tion, Mortification,  Suppuration,  Ulceration,  Hem- 
orrhage, ES"usion,  Hepatization,  and  Ossification. 

By  Resolution^  is  meant,  comparative  restora- 
tion to  health. 

Mortification^  death  of  the  parts  involved. 

Suppuration^  a  breaking  up  of  tissues,  and  form- 
ation of  purulent  matter,  which  receives  the  name 
of  abscess. 

Ulceration,  the  formation  of  an  ulcer ;  a  puru- 
lent solution  of  continuity  of  the  soft  parts. 

Hemorrhage  occurs  from  rupture  of  blood-ves- 
sels, wound-s,  ulcers  penetrating  the  coats  of  an 
artery,  &c. 

Effusion^  watery  accumulations ;  a  serous  fluid 
as  in  dropsy. 

Hepatization,  liver-like  structures  changed  in 
their  character,  assuming  the  appearance  of  liver. 

Ossification,  change  of  soft  structures  into 
bony  ones. 

Adhesion,  two  or  more  separate  structures  be- 
coming united.  We  briefly  allude  to  the  subject 
of  inflammation  in  order  to  give  the  general  reader 
some  landmarks  by  which  to  form  tolerably  cor- 
rect conclusions  regarding  the  character  of  such 
diseases  as  they  may  chance  to  meet  with. 


106  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

DISEASES  OF  THE  MOUTH. 

LAMPAS. 

Lampas,  as  it  is  termed,  is  a  fullness  or  swelling 
of  the  gums  and  the  bars  or  roof  of  the  mouth, 
consequent  upon  cutting  the  teeth.  Lampas  is 
usually  found  in  all  colts  during  the  period  of 
dentition.  Many,  however,  suffer  little  or  no 
inconvenience  by  them,  while  in  others  the  great 
tenderness  of  the  gums  and  bars  causes  the 
animal  to  refuse  his  food.  The  owner  too  often, 
with  a  vague  idea  of  relief,  submits  the  animal 
to  the  cruel  operation  of  burning  out  the  bars 
with  a  red-hot  iron.  A  very  few  years  since, 
and  I  may  add  still  is,  in  many  sections  of  the 
country,  almost  the  only  course  pursued  in  such 
cases,  notwithstanding  it  is  of  no  practical  benefit 
whatever;  but  on  the  contrary  is  often  very  inju- 
rious. The  only  treatment  required,  is  to  lance 
the  parts  freely,  and  wash  the  mouth  with  a  solu- 
tion of  tincture  of  myrrh,  one  ounce  to  three  of 
water ;  give  no  hay  or  corn  for  a  week. 

BAGS,   OR   WASHERS. 

The  bit,  in  reining,  frequently  bruises  the 
lining  membrane  of  the  mouth,  causing  soft 
puffy  swellings  within  the  corners  of  the  lips ; 
these  sometimes  become  so  large  as  to  cause  much 
inconvenience  to  the  animal  in  masticating  his 
food.     For  their  removal  the  part  should  be  free- 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  107 

ly  lanced  and  allowed  to  bleed  undisturbed ;  then 
bathe  the  parts  with  the  following  wash : — 

R.  Tincture  of  Myrrh. 
Tincture  of  Aloes. 
Rain-water,  equal  parts. 

Mix  all  together. 

Should  this  not  succeed,  remove  the  swellings 
with  the  knife,  or  what  is  as  well,  clip  them  off 
with  a  pair  of  scissors,  then  apply  the  above  wash 
to  the  wound  two  or  three  times  a  day,  until 
healed. 

SORE    MOUTH. 

This  is  caused  also  by  the  bearing  of  the  bit. 
upon  tender-mouthed  horses.  It  is  situated  at 
the  corners  of  the  mouth,  often  causing  consider- 
able thickening  of  the  lips  about  the  parts  affected. 
Alum-water  should  be  applied  to  the  parts  three 
times  a  day,  or  the  wash  for  bags,  or  washers, 
may  be  used  with  equal  advantage. 

ULCERS   IN   THE   MOUTH. 

In  breaking  horses  to  harness,  the  under  jaw, 
immediately  in  front  of  the  molar  teeth,  is  some- 
times so  injured  by  the  bit  as  to  cause  inflamma- 
tion of  the  periosteum  (a  thin  membrane  which 
covers  the  bone),  occasionally  causing  caries  of 
the  bone,  in  consequence  of  which  pipe-like  open- 
ings called  sinuses  are  formed,  whfth,  becoming 
filled  with  partly-masticated  food,  soon  becomes 
fetid,  and  often  occasions  sores  which  prove 
troublesome  to  heal.     When  the  gum  only  is  in- 


108  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

jiired,  it  should  be  carefully  washed  with  tincture 
of  myrrh  and  water,  equal  parts ;  but  when  the 
bone  is  involved,  the  diseased  parts  must  be  re- 
moved, and  afterwards  dressed  with  the  following 
lotion : — 

R.  Gallic  Acid,  1  otince. 

Tincture  of  Opium,    1     " 
Water,  4     " 

Mix  all  together,  and  bathe  the  parts  affected 
two  or  three  times  a  day. 

WOLF   TEETH. 

Many  horsemen  regard  these  teeth  as  injurious 
to  the  eyes  of  horses  ;  but  we  cannot  understand 
upon  what  principle  their  opinions  are  based. 
These  teeth  are  not  supernumary  teeth  as  has  been 
asserted  by  many  writers,  but  on  the  contrary  are 
natural  to  all  horses.  The  germs  or  pulps  of  these 
teeth  are  in  the  jaw  at  the  time  of  foaling,  and 
are  developed  generally  at  one  year  old,  ready  to 
cut  their  way  through  the  gums.  All  young  ani- 
mals of  the  equine  species  have  these  teeth,  and 
they  can  be  found  in  the  mouths  of  four  out  of 
five  colts  at  two  years  of  age.  It  is  only  when 
the  eyes  are  affected  by  disease  that  these  teeth 
are  looked  for,  and  when  found  are  supposed  by 
some  to  be  the  cause  of  the  trouble.  In  an  ex- 
perience of  twenty  years,  I  have  not  been  able  to 
discover  the  least  connection  between  these  teeth 
and  the  eyes.  And  what  is  equally  singular, 
these  teeth  are  seldom  mentioned  by  veterinary 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  109 

authors.  If  you  find  them  in  your  colts,  and 
wish  them  removed,  the  best  plan  is  to  pull  them 
out  with  a  pair  of  ordinary  tooth  forceps.  See 
Jennings  on  "  The  Horse  and  his  Diseases." 

IRREGULAR   TEETH 

In  old  horses  the  molar  teeth,  or  grinders,  fre- 
quently become  very  uneven  upon  their  grinding 
surfaces,  causing  difficulty  in  masticating  the 
food ;  the  outer  edges  of  the  upper  molars  becom- 
ing sharp  cut  the  cheeks,  causing  them  to  become 
sore,  and  often  very  much  swollen.  The  remedy 
is  the  tooth  rasp,  by  which  the  sharp  edges  of  the 
teeth  are  taken  off,  enabling  the  animal  to  again 
masticate  his  food  in  a  proper  manner. 

CARIES   OF   THE    TEETH. 

Horses  frequently  suffer  from  this  troublesome 
disease.  Caries  or  decay  in  the  teeth  gives  rise 
to  the  tooth-ache  the  same  as  in  man,  causing 
symptoms  in  the  horse  which  are  often  mistaken 
for  other  affections.  My  work  on  the  horse  ex- 
plains this  subject  more  fully.  When  caries  has 
existed  for  some  time,  there  will  be  as  a  general 
thing  a  fetid  discharge  from  one  nostril;  the  food 
passes  away  in  an  undigested  state,  particularly 
is  this  the  case  when  whole  corn  has  been  given; 
loss  of  flesh,  stupor,  starring  coat,  stopping  short 
in  the  road  when  in  harness,  shaking  the  head 
and  then  going  on  again,  starting  as  though 
geared  when  no  objects  of  fear  are  about.  The 
10 


110  '         HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

only  remedy  is  the  removal  of  the  teeth,  which 
generally  requires  the  aid  of  a  qualified  veterinary 
surgeon. 

DISEASES  OF   THE  EYE. 

AMAUROSIS    OR    GLASS   EYE. 

In  this  disease  we  observe  a  clear  bright  eye, 
well  calculated  to  deceive  the  best  horsemen,  and 
it  is  not  until  the  animal  runs  against  some  object 
in  his  way  that  blindness  is  suspected.  It  is  a 
very  easy  matter,  however,  to  detect  the  amaurotic 
eye.  The  pupil  is  always  larger  than  usual,  and 
on  removing  the  animal  from  a  strong  to  a  weak 
ligbt,  and  vice  versa,  no  change  is  observed  in  the 
pupil,  the  light  not  having  any  effect  upon  it, 
which  is  not  the  case  in  the  eye  of  a  horse,  having 
his  sight  perfect.  It  is  caused  by  paralysis  of  the 
optic  nerve.  Treatment. — This  is  uncertain,  but 
occasionally  the  following  is  successful : — 

0  R.  Barbadoes  aloes  6  drs. 

Pulverized  Ginger,  1     " 

"  Gentian,  1     « 

Nitrate  of  Potassa,  1     "  ^ 

Mix  with  molasses  in  the  form  of  a  ball  and 
give  to  the  horse.  In  .twenty-four  hours  after 
giving  the  ball,  give  half  drachm  doses  of  pul- 
verized nux  vomica  mixed  in  the  feed  night  and 
morning ;  and  apply  a  blister  under  the  ears. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  Ill 

INFLAMMATION   OP   THE   HAW. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  membrana  nicti- 
tans  situated  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  the 
function  of  which  is  to  cleanse  the  eye  of  any 
dirt  or  other  foreign  substance  which  may  get 
into  it;  when  inflamed  it  becomes  timid,  causing 
a  bulging  at  the  inner  corner  of  the  eye,  and  is 
commonly  known  by  the  term  hooks,  or  haw,  in 
the  eye.  The  treatment  consists  in  bathing  the 
eye  with  the  following  wash,  two  or  three  times 
a  day : — 

R.  Tincture  Opium,        i  ounce. 

Tincture  Aconite,       2  drachms. 

Rainwater,  1  pint. 

Mix  all  together.  G-ive  a  purgative  ball,  but 
do  not  under  any  circumstances  have  them  cut 
out,  as  you  thus  deprive  the  animal  of  the  means 
of  cleansing  the  eye  of  dirt,  or  other  matter  getting 
into  this  delicate  organ. 
^- 

SIMPLE    OPHTHALMIA. 

This  is  simply  an  inflammation  of  the  eye, 
caused  generally  by  blows,  or  some  other  external 
injury.  Bathe  the  eye  with  cold  water,  and  give 
the  following  ball : — 

R.  Barbadoes  aloes,         1  ounce. 
Ginger  pulverized,      1  drachm. 
Gentian       "  J      " 

Mix  with  water. 

Bleeding  under  the  eye  is  sometimes  an  ad- 


112  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 

SPECIFIC     OPHTHALMIA. 

This  is  commonly  known  as  moon  blindness ; 
tlie  attack  is  sudden,  the  eye  becomes  watery  and 
exceedingly  tender,  the  lining  of  the  eyelid  is 
very  red,  and  the  eye  itself  is  cloudy  or  white  in 
appearance.  The  treatment  consists  in  opening 
the  bowels  well  with  the  purgative  ball  recom- 
mended in  Amaurosis,  and  to  bathe  the  eye  with 
the  following  wash. 

R.  Tincture  of  Opium,        1  ounce. 
Rainwater.  1  pint. 

Mix  both  together. 

This  disease  being  of  a  specific  character,  its 
termination  is  sooner  or  later  confirmed  blindness; 
though  the  animal  may  have  a  number  of  attacks 
previous  to  its  final  termination. 

CATARACT. 

This  is  one  of  the  terminations  of  specific  oph- 
thalmia. It  is  a  breaking  up  of  the  crystalline  lens 
of  the  eye,  situated  immediately  behind  the  pupil. 
When  diseased  it  presents  one  or  more  white  spots, 
which  gradually  blend  together  until  the  whole 
lens  is  involved.  There  is  no  cure :  operations 
only  partially  restore  the  sight,  causing  the  animal 
to  become  a  shyer,  which  is  certainly  more 
dangerous  than  blindness. 

DISTEMPER. 

This  term  is  used  by  horsemen  to  denote  all 
classes  of  catarrhal  affections.    A  common  cold. 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  113 

influenza,  broncliitis,  &c.,  are  all  included  under 
the  above  heading.  We  are  not  disposed,  however, 
to  regard  the  term  distemper  on  so  broad  a  field, 
and  will  therefore  drop  it  from  our  nomenclature 
altogether;  and  consider  the  various  diseases 
under  their  proper  headings. 

SORE   THROAT. 

This  is  usually  an  accompanyment  of  catarrhal 
affections.  It  sometimes  occurs  independently  of 
any  such  diseases;  it  is  then  known  as  laryngitis. 
Symptoms. — Stiffness  of  the  neck,  cough,  dif- 
ficulty in  swallowing,  mouth  full  of  saliva,  with 
more  or  less  fever.  Treatment, — apply  the  fol- 
lowing liniment  to  the  throat  externally : — 

R.  Linseed  oil,  3  ounces. 

Cantharides  ointment,       1  ounce. 
Spirits  of  Turpentine,        1       " 

Mix  all  together. 

Or  what  is  a  better  application.  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Sweating  Liniment.  It  may  be  obtained  of 
Druggists  and  dealers  generally;  and  give  in- 
ternally Dr.  H.  Jennings's  Tonic  Powder,  it  seldom 
requires  more  than  one  box  to  effect  a  perfect 
cure. 

STRANGLES. 

This  is  a  more  aggravated  form  of  sore  throat, 

attended  with  considerable  swelling  of  the  throat 

externally,  often  threatening  suffocation.     In  very 

bad  cases  the  aid  of  a  veterinary  surgeon  should 

10 '^ 


114  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

be  liad  if  possible ;  in  the  absence  of  sucb  assist- 
ance, poultice  the  throat  with  linseed  meal ;  pour 
scalding  water  upon  some  wheat  bran  and  steam 
the  nostrils  with  it,  put  a  bag  over  the  nose  to 
prevent  the  steam  from  escaping  too  much ;  when 
the  swelling  becomes  soft  lance  it  under  the  jaw; 
the  danger  generally  is  past  when  it  discharges 
freely.  Give  internally  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Tonic 
Powder. 

INFLUENZA.     ' 

This  disease  is  supposed  to  result  from  some 
miasma  in  the  atmosphere.  It  occurs  in  the 
spring  and  fall  inonths,  at  times  assuming  a  very 
malignant  form,  at  other  times  it  is  comparatively 
mild  in  its  attacks. 

Symptoms. — A  thin  mucus  discharge  from  the 
nostrils.  The  living  membrane  of  the  eyelids  pre- 
sent an  orange  red  appearance.  The  cop*fers  of  the 
eyes  are  filled  at  times  with  a  purulent  matter; 
the  animal  is  very  much  debilitated,  as  may  be 
observed  by  its  motion  in  the  walk ;  the  membrane 
of  the  nose  is  also  reddened ;  cough  attended  with 
sore  throat.  In  this  disease  metastic  inflam- 
mation frequently  occurs  ;  by  metastic  we  mean 
a  change  in  the  seat  of  disease  in  this  case  from 
the  air  passages  to  the  feet,  producing  symptoms 
very  similar  to  founder,  which  often  is  mistaken 
for  that  disease.  A  sustaining  treatment  is  here 
required.  In  the  early  stages  of  the  disease,  give 
ten  drops  of  Flemming's  tincture  of  aconite  in  a 
little  water  upon  the  tongue  every  six  hours,  until 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  115 

the  fever  is  cheeked ;  then  give  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Tonic  Powder,  it  being  prepared  expressly  for 
this  class  of  disease.  When  the  throat  is  sore 
use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating  Liniment. 

BRONCHITIS. 

This  is  an  inflammation  of  the  air-tubes  (bron- 
chial) of  the  lungs,  usually  accompanied  with  a 
painful  cough,  sore  throat,  mouth  full  of  saliva, 
discharge  from  the  nose,  respiration  disturbed, 
pulse  quick,  lining  membrane  of  the  nose  and 
eyelids  reddqj^ed.  On  applying  the  ear  to  the 
sides,  a  bubbling  sound  is  heard,  like  the  agita- 
tion of  a  fluid. 

Treatment. — Grive  the  following  ball,  and  if 
the  fever  is  not  broken  in  twelve  hours,  repeat: — 

R.  Pulv.  Saltpetre,         2  drachms. 
"      Digitalis 
Emetic  Tartar,  of  each,  J  drachm. 

Mix  with  honey  or  molasses;  or,  use 

R.  Nitrate  of  Potash,         1^  oz. 
"  Soda,  6  oz. 

Mix,  and  divide  into  six  doses.  Give  one 
three  times  a  day  in  a  sloppy  mash.  Apply  to 
the  throat  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating  Liniment; 
and,  when  convalescent.  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Tonic 
Powder  may  be  used  with  great  advantage  in 
restoring  strength  and  vigor  to  the  system. 

NASAL   GLEET. 

This  is  usually  the  result  of  neglected  catarrh. 
It  is  attended  with  a  chronic  discharge  from  one 


116  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY. 

or  both  nostrils  of  a  thin,  whitish  mucus.  The 
animal's  health  is  usually  good,  feeding  and  work- 
ing as  in  perfect  health.  The  only  treatment 
which  has  proved  successful  is  a  sustaining  one. 
G-ive  the  following  powders  night  and  morning 
in  the  feed  : — 

R.  Sesquichloride  of  Iron,  2  oz. 

Powdered  Cinnamon,  1  " 

«         Gentian  Root,  1  " 

"  Quassia,    .  1  " 

Mix  all  together,  and  divide  into  eight  pow- 
ders ;  or,  use  the  following  powd|rs  night  and 
morning  in  the  feed : — 

R.  Muriate  of  Barytas,  1  oz. 

Linseed  Farina,  2  " 

Mix,  and  divide  into  sixteen  powders. 

PLEURISY. 

Inflammation  of  the  lining  membrane  of  the 
chest  and  investing  membrane  of  the  lungs,  is 
know  as  pleuritis,  or  pleurisy,  which  requires 
prompt  treatment,  or  it  is  apt  to  terminate  in 
dropsy  of  the  chest.  Symptoms. — Pain  on  press- 
ing the  sides,  a  grunt  peculiar  to  this  disease, 
pawing,  the  animal  looking  or  biting  at  his  sides, 
pulse  quick,  temperature  of  the  body  much  above 
the  natural  heat,  lying  down  but  rising  quickly. 
Treatment, — Give  ten  drops  of  tincture  of  aconite 
root,  in  a  little  water,  every  three  hours  for  the 
first  two  days :  give  in  every  pail  of  water  one 
ounce  of  nitric  ether,  and  use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  117 

Sweating  Liniment  on  the  sides ;  keep  the  body 
warm,  and  give  no  corn  or  corn  meal. 

INFLAMMATION   OF   THE   LUNGS. 

This  disease  occurs  in  the  spring  and  fall,  and 
is  known  to  horsemen  as  lung  fever.  Symptoms. 
— Pulse  quick  and  thready,  mouth  hot,  the  ani 
mal  hangs  his  head  in  or  under  the  manger,  legs 
and  ears  cold,  appetite  lost,  respiration  qui«kened; 
on  applying  the  ear  to  the  side  a  crackling  sound 
is  heard.  Tjbis  disease  requires  prompt  treat- 
ment, as  it  frequently  terminates  fatally  in  a  few 
hours.  If  the  animal  is  in  a  plethoric  condition, 
bleeding  is  attended  with  beneficial  results.  Give 
five  drops  of  tincture  of  aconite  root,  in  a  little 
water,  upon  the  tongue  every  two  hours,  until  the 
respiration  becomes  more  tranquil ;  apply  Dr.  R. 
Jennings's  Sweating  Liniment  to  the  sides.  In- 
jections of  castile  soap  and  water  are  very  use- 
ful; or,  what  is  better,  injections  of  tobacco- 
smoke.  The  legs  should  be  well  hand-rubbed, 
and  stimulated  with  mustard  or  cayenne  pepper, 
and  then  wrapped  in  flannel  bandages. 

CONGESTIVE    PNEUMONIA. 

This  disease  is  caused  by  some  impure  condi- 
tion of  the  atmosphere,  violent  exercise,  or  sud- 
den changes  in  the  temperature  of  the  air,  &c. 
The  blood  ceases  to  circulate  through  the  lungs, 
remaining  there  in  a  congested  state ;  the  pulse 
is  full,  but  its  action  cannot  be  detected.  Speedy 
resort  to  the  lancet  is  our  only  hope  here.    Bleed 


118  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

freely  and  quickly,  then  place  the  animal  in  a 
box-stall,  where  the  atmosphere  is  pure,  and  give 
the  following  twice  a  day : — 

R.  Tincture  of  Opium,  2  drachms. 

Liquor  Ammonia  Acetatis,  2  oz. 

Mix  both  together,  and  add  one  gill  of  water. 
Place  a  pail  of  bran  slop  before  the  animal,  and 
keep  the  body  warm  -,  stimulate  the  legs,  as  in 
inflammation  of  the  lung^,  and  wrap  them  in 
flannel  bandages. 

HYDROTHORAX.        * 

Dropsy  of  the  chest,  is  usually  the  termination 
of  pleurisy.  Symptoms. — ^^Pulse  small  and  quick, 
respiration  quick  and  short,  legs  set  wide  apart, 
breast,  belly,  and  sheath  swollen ;  the  animal 
never  lies  down.  There  is  much  prostration 
of  strength  in  this  disease,  making  the  chances 
of  recovery  very  doubtful.  The  treatment  which 
has  proved  the  most  successful,  is  setons  in  the 
breast,  and  half-drachm  doses  of  the  iodide  of 
potassa  in  water  three  times  a  day. 

HEAVES,  OR  BROKEN  WIND. 

This  disease  is  so  well  known  that  it  does  not 
require  any  special  remark.  When  seated  in  the 
lungs,  it  is  out  of  the  reach  of  medicine,  except 
as  palliatives.  The  best  preparation  for  this 
disease  is  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Cough  or  Heave 
Powder;  or,  use  the  following: — 

.  1       R.  Assafoetida,         2  drachms. 
Gum  Camphor,  1  drachm. 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  119 

Mix,  and  give  every  otlier  night  for  a  week. 
The  hay  should  be  well  sprinkled  with  water; 
avoiding  clover  hay  or  corn. 

PALPITATION   OF    THE   HEART. 

This  disease  is  known  to  horsemen  as  the 
thumps.  It  is  an  inflammation  of  the  lining 
membrane  of  the  heart.  Si/mptoma.  —  Heart 
pulsates  violently,  and  may  be  observed  at  some 
distance  from  the  animal;  pulse  full  and  hard. 
This  disease  is  regarded  as  incurable.  We  can, 
however,  palliate  the  worst  cases  in  one  or  two 
hours'  time,  so  that  the  animal  is  ready  for  work 
the  following  day.  Divide  one  drachm  of  pul- 
verized digitalis  leaves  into  five  powders  ;  give 
one  powder  every  fifteen  minutes ;  keep  the  body 
warm,  and  give  food  sparingly  for  a  day  or  two. 

INFLAMMATION   OF   THE   BRAIN. 

This  disease  is  known  as  mad  staggers.  It 
arises  from  blows  over  the  head,  over-feeding, 
particularly  with  corn ;  a  tight  collar  will  some- 
times produce  it,  &c.  Symptoms. — Disinclination 
to  move  about,  lining  membrane  of  the  eyelids 
much  reddened,  appetite  lost,  eyes  present  a  dull, 
sleepy  appearance;  to  these  succeed  delirium  or 
madness.  The  animal  now  becomes  indifi"erent 
to  all  about  him,  plunges  about,  destroying  every- 
thing in  his  way  that  will  yield  to  his  struggles. 
Treatment. — Bleed  freely,  before  the  mad  stage 
comes  on,  or  you  must  wait  until  the  animal  falls 


120  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

from  exhaustion,  then  put  the  lancet  into  the 
jugular  vein,  bleed  almost  to  fainting;  apply 
bags  of  broken  ice  to  the  head,  and  open  the 
bowels  with  the  following  ball : — 

R.  Barb.  Aloes,        1  oz. 
Croton  Oil,  6  drops. 

Pulv.  Ginger,      1  drachm. 

Mix  with  water,  molasses,  or  honey. 

Injections  are  also  very  beneficial.  Give  no 
food  of  any  kind  for  twenty-four  hours.  Corn 
should  not  be  given  to  animals  subject  to  such 
attacks  of  disease. 

STOMACH   STAGGERS. 

This  is  the  result  of  an  overloaded  stomach, 
pressing  upon  the  heart  and  lungs.  The  animal 
appears  dull  and  stupid,  with  a  tendency  to  pitch 
forwards  unless  supported  by  a  wall,  manger,  tree, 
or  other  object;  constipation  of  the  bowels  usually 
accompanies  this  disease.  Treatment.  —  Bleed 
freely,  and  open  the  bowels  with  the  ball  recom- 
mended for  inflammation  of  the  brain.  Grive  no 
food  for  forty-eight  hours  after  the  attack. 

INFLAMMATION    OF   THE    BOWELS. 

Enteritis,  or  inflammation  of  the  bowels,  some- 
times makes  its  appearance  very  insidiously ;  at 
other  times  it  is  sudden  in  its  attack.  Symp- 
toms.— Pulse  full,  strong,  and  quick,  pawing,  ly- 
ing down,  rolling  on  the  back,  kicking  the  belly, 
body  hot,  legs  cold,  no  intermissions  of  pain,  as 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  121 

in  colic.  Treatment.  —  Copious  bleeding  is  very- 
necessary  in  this  disease ;  give  five  drops  of 
Flemmings's  Tincture  of  Aconite  in  a  little  water 
every  two  hours ;  blankets  saturated  with  water 
as  hot  as  the  animal  can  bear  them  should  be 
strapped  around  the  body,  and  kept  wet  with  hot 
water  for  two  or  three  hours  ;  then  remove,  and 
replace  them  with  dry  ones.  Tobacco-smoke 
injections  are  here  very  serviceable,  or  castile 
soap  and  water  will  answer  a  very  good  purpose. 
Give  no  food  for  forty-eight  hours. 

COLIC. 

This  disease  occurs  in  two  forms,  flatulent  and 
spasmodic  colic.  In  the  former  there  is  consider- 
able swelling  of  the  abdomen,  the  animal  throws 
itself  about  as  in  inflammation  of  the  bowels ;  the 
pulae,  however,  is  nearly  in  a  natural  condition, 
and  there  are  intermissions  from  pain.  In 
spasmodic  colic,  the  same  symptoms  are  present, 
with  the  exception  of  swelling  of  the  abdomen. 
Treatment. — Give  one-third  of  a  bottle  of  Kerr's 
East  India  Liniment,  prepared  by  Jennings  & 
Higgins.  This  is  the  best  preparation  that  can 
be  used ;  or,  give  the  following : — 

R.  Tincture  of  Opium,  1  oz. 
Sulphuric  Ether,  J   " 
Water,  ^  pint- 
Mix  all  together,  and  drench.  If  not  relieved 
in  half  an  hour,  repeat  the  dose ;  rub  the  belly 
welj  with  mustard  and  vinegar. 
11 


122  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

DIARRHCEA. 

This  disease  is  sometimes  caused  by  the  too 
free  use  of  cathartic  medicines,  change  of  water, 
exposure  to  cold,  &c.  Treatment. — Give  of  Kerr's 
East  India  Liniment  3  oz.  in  one  pint  of  water. 
The  advantage  of  this  Liniment  is,  it  does  not 
constipate  the  bowels  ;  yet  it  has  the  desired  effect 
by  restoring  healthy  action  in  the  digestive 
organs  ]  or,  give  the  following  :— 

E.  Puly.  Opium,  1  scruple. 

"       Gentian  Root,      1  drachm. 
"       Ginger        "  1        " 

Mix  all  together,  and  give  every  six  hours  until 
relieved ;  or,  use  the  following : — 

R.  Gum  Camphor,  pulv.,        2  drachms. 
Rhubarb,  "  3        " 

Opium,  *♦  1        " 

Mix  all  too:ether,  and  s^ive  in  half  a  pint  of 
warm  ale. 

WORMS. 

All  animals  are  subject  to  these  parasites;  and 
thousands  of  animals  are  annually  lost,  without 
the  cause  being  suspected.  Symptoms. — Star- 
ring coat,  haggard  eye,  colicky  pains,  gasping, 
debility,  sluggish  movements,  emaciation,  skin 
covered  with  scurfy  blotches,  small  feeble  pulse, 
belly  tucked  up,  respiration  slow,  a  pecuHar  pal- 
lid appearance  of  the  membrane  lining  the  mouth, 
irregular  appetite,  badly-digested  feeces,  agitation 
of  the  heart  and  tail,  dung  covered  with  a  mucous 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  123 

♦ 

substance,  a  whitish  or  yellowisli  white  sub- 
stance about  the  fundament,  rubbing  the  tail,  &c. 
^These  symptoms  do  not  all  appear  in  the  same 
animal.  Treatment. — Use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Worm  Powder,  the  best  preparation  known  for 
worms;  or,  use  the  following,  which  in  some 
cases  will  answer  the  purpose  : — 

R.  Oil  of  Male  Ferns,  1  oz. 

Powd.  Ginger,  ^    " 

"        Linseed,  i    " 

Mix  with  molasses  for  one  ball,  repeat  the  dose 
once  a  day  for  a  week,  then  give  an  active  purge; 
or,  the  following  will  in  some  cases  be  found  very 
useful : — 

R.  Assafoetida,  2  drachms. 

Oil  of  Male  Ferns,  i        " 

„     Calomel,  1        *' 

Savin,  1        " 

Linseed  Meal,  2        " 

Mix  with  molasses,  and  form  a  ball;  give  at 
night,  and  follow  it  the  next  morning  by  giving 
a  purgative  ball. 

RETENTION    OF   URINE. 

This  is  caused  by  irritation  of  the  neck  of  the 
bladder,  or  a  dislike  to  spatter  the  legs.  Symptoms. 
— Frequent  efforts  to  stale.  Shake  up  the  litter 
under  him,  and  he  will  urinate  freely,  unless  the 
retention  is  the  result  of  disease,  when  such 
means  will  fail.  An  instrument  made  for  the 
purpose,  called  a  catheter,  should  be  passed  up 
the  urinary  passage,  first  having  it  well  greased 


124  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

* 

with  lard ;  the  urine  will  then  flow  freely,  and 
give  instant  relief.  If  there  is  any  fever  present, 
give  the  following : —  ^ 

E.  Nitrate  Potassa,         1  oz. 

Pulv.  Digitalis,  1  draclim. 

Calomel,  1       " 

Mix  all  together,  and  divide  into  eight  pow- 
ders ;  give  one  on  the  tongue  three  times  a 
day;  or, 

R.  Sulphate  of  Iron,  1  oz. 

Nit.  Potassa,  1    « 

Rosin,  i   « 

Juniper  Berries,  pulv.  2   " 

Mix,'  and  divide  into  four  powders;  give  one 
night  and  morning.  Injections  of  castile  soap 
and  water  are  very  useful;  or,  where  it  can  be 
resorted  to,  tobacco-smoke  is  preferable. 

PROFUSE   STALING. 

This  disease  arises  from  the  too  free  use  of 
diuretic  medicines,  mow-burnt  or  musty  hay,  &c. 
^ome  persons  are  constantly  giving  their  horses 
resin,  saltpetre,  and  other  diuretic  drugs,  which 
have  a  tendency  to  produce  diseases  of  the  uri- 
nary organs.  This  disease,  as  a  general  thing, 
is  easily  remedied ;  give  the  following : — 

R.  Prepared  Chalk,        1  oz, 

Pulv.  Opium,  2  drachms. 

"      Catechu,  i  oz. 

Mix,  and  divide  into  six  powders,  one  to  be 
given  in  the  feed  three  times  a  day,  until  the 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  125 

desired  effect  is  obtained ;  tlien  give  Dr.  R.  Jen- 
nings's Condition  Powder.  i 


BLOODY   URINE. 

Hematura,  or  bloody  urine,  is  caused  by  strain 
of  the  loins,  calculous  concretions  in  the  kidneys 
or  ureters,  unwholesome  food,  rupture  of  small 
blood-vessels  about  the  bladder,  &c.  Treatment. 
■ — Give  flaxseed-tea  to  drink,  and  open  the  bowels 
with  a  strong  purgative  ball,  and  give  twice  a 
day  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Condition  Powder. 

CALCULI  ;  OR,  STONE  IN  THE  BLADDER. 

A  horse  may  have  these  deposits  in  the  blad- 
der a  long  time  before  they  occasion  any  very 
serious  disturbance  in  the  system.  Symptoms. — 
Frequent  efforts  to  stale,  but  voiding  the  urine 
in  very  small  quantities  at  a  time,  which  usually 
is  of  a  turgid  yellow  or  thick  whitish  color; 
colicky  pains  are  often  observed,  the  animal  kicks 
its  belly,  paws,  looks  at  its  sides,  and  on  changing* 
its  position  frequently  gets  relief.  Treatment. — - 
Give  twice  a  day  one  drachm  of  muriatic  acid  in 
a  pail  of  water.  Should  this  fail  to  give  relief, 
an  operation  for  the  removal  of  the  stone  should 
be  resorted  to;  this  will  require  the  assistance 
of  a  competent  veterinary  surgeon.  (See  Dr.  • 
Jennings  on  "  The  Horse  and  his  Diseases.^^)  I 
have  operated  on  some  nine  or  ten  horses  for  this 
disease,  and  with  entire  success  in  every  instance. 
11* 


126  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY. 

HIDE-BOUND. 

This  is  often  caused  by  some  slight  disturbance 
in  the  system  (occasionally  from  the  action  of" 
worms),  without  producing  any  marked  symptoms 
of  disease.  In  all  such  cases.  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Condition  Powder  is  the  best  treatment  which 
can  be  resorted  to.  If  worms  are  the  cause  of 
the  trouble,  give  Dr.R.  Jennings's  Worm  Powder. 

MANGE. 

This  is  a  disease  identical  with  that  of  itch  in 
man.  It  is  caused  by  a  very  minute  insect  called 
the  acari  equus.  The  skin  about  the  neck  be- 
comes puckered,  the  hair  comes  off  in  spots, 
causing  scabby  patches ;  there  is  an  intolerable 
itching,  causing  the  animal  to  be  almost  constantly 
rubbing  itself  against  a  post,  tree,  &c.  Treatment. 
— Select  a  clear,  warm  day,  place  the  animal  in 
the  sun,  and,  with  a  scrubbing-brush,  wash  or 
scrub  him  well  all  over  with  castile  soap  and 
water;  when  dry,  take  one  quart  of  sweet-oil 
^nd  two  ounces  of  kerosene  oil,  mix  them  together. 
Vet  the  brush  with  the  oils,  and  rub  him  all  over. 
It  does  not  require  to  be  put  on  very  thick ;  in 
fact,  it  is  better  not  to  be  so. 

SURFEIT. 

This  is  a  scurfy  eruption  of  the  skin,  caused 
by  an  unhealthy  condition  of  the  blood.  Treat- 
ment.— Grive  the  followina; ; — 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  127 

R.  Socotrine  Aloes,  1  oz. 

Nitrate  Potassa,  1  dr. 

Ginger,  pulv.,  1  dr. 

Mix  with  molasses,  and  form  a  ball ;  follow  this 
twice  a  day  with  Dr.  E.  Jennings's  Condition 
Powder. 

POLL-EVIL. 

This  disease  occurs  in  horses  only  when  the 
blood  is  in  a  morbid  condition :  it  cannot  live  in 
a  healthy  system.  An  hereditary  predisposition 
to  this  disease  is  frequently  transmitted  from 
parent  to  offspring.  Several  cases  have  occurred 
in  my  own  practice  where  brood-mares  having 
been  affected  with  this  disease,  and  afterwards 
having  had  several  colts,  and  that,  too,  after  the 
disease  had  been  to  all  appearances  thoroughly 
healed  up,  all  of  which  showed  the  same  disease 
before  they  arrived  at  the  age  of  three  years. 
One  mare  had  three  colts,  another  two,  and  several 
one,  affected  in  the  same  way.  I  do  not  tt^nk 
better  proof  of  hereditary  predispositym  can  be 
required.  Many  mares  have  this  disease,  and 
their  colts  escape  it,  simply  because  they  do  not 
have  the  exciting  or  immediate  cause  to  develop 
it.  Treatment. — The  best  and  quickest  means 
is  to  cut  it  out  well  with  the  knife,  when  not  too 
long  standing  and  deeply  seated.  After  such  an 
operation,  the  wound  should  be  washed  with  two 
parts  of  water  to  one  part  of  muriatic  acid.  Open 
the  bowels,  and  give  Dr.  H.  Jennings's  Condition 
Powder  to  purify  the  blood.     No  corn  or  corn- 


128  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

meal  should  be  given  to  tlie  animal.  These  cases 
being  trouble&ome.  they  are  best  treated  by  the 
qualified  veterinary  surgeon,  when  he  can  be 
obtained. 

FISTULA. 

I'his  disease  is  precisely  similar  to  poll-evil,  its 
location  only  giving  it  a  different  name.  It  occurs 
more  frequently  than  poll-evil,  arises  from  the 
same  causes,  and  requires  the  same  treatment. 
For  more  full  particulars  of  these  diseases,  see 
Dr.  R.  Jennings's  work  on  "■  The  Horse  and  his 
Diseases.'' 

WATER   FARCY. 

This  disease  is  known  by  swelling  of  the  legs, 
sheath,  belly,  &c.  In  young  horses  the  parts  are 
hot,  and  painful  to  the  touch ;  while  in  old  ones, 
there  appears  to  be  no  pain  on  pressure,  but  the 
marks  of  the  fingers  will  remain  behind  for  some 
time  after^  Hand-rubbing  and  moderate  exercise 
are  very 'necessary,  and  give  in  the  feed  Dr.  R. 
Jenning's  Tonic  Powder. 

LOCKED   JAW. 

This  disease  is  the  result  of  injuries,  such  as 
picking  up  or  running  nails  in  the  feet,  metallic 
or  other  substances  taken  into  and  wounding 
the  stomach  or  intestines ;  worms  are  occasionally 
supposed  to  give  rise  to  this  disease,  &c.  The 
first  indications  of  its  approach,  are  a  stragghng 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EAST.  129 

gait  of  the  hind-legs,  which  occurs  about  the 
ninth  day.  In  a  few  days  after,  the  membrane 
nictitans,  or  haw  of  the  eye,  will  cover  one-third 
or  more  of  the  eyeball  whenever  the  head  is  ele- 
vated ;  two  or  three  days  -later,  the  muscles  of 
the  jaw  become  rigid,  the  tongue  swollen,  mouth 
full  of  saliva,  nostrils  dilated,  nose  poked  out, 
and  ears  erect;  the  respiration  becomes  disturbed, 
the  animal  very  excitable,  bowels  constipated ;  in 
turning  the  horse,  he  moves  without  bending  his 
neck.  The  first  indication  in  the  treatment  is  to 
remove  the  patient  where  he  will  not  be  unneces- 
sarily disturbed ;  open  the  bowels  with  the  aloes 
ball.  This  should  be  done  on  the  first  symptoms 
being  observed,  as  it  is  not  often  successful  after 
the  jaws  become  set.  Give  upon  the  tongue,  in 
a  little  water,  ten  drops  hydrocyanic  acid  every 
two  hours ;  or,  the  following  may  be  used  with 
advantage : — 

R.  Flemming's  Tincture  of  Aconite,         ^  oz. 
Tincture  of  Belladona,  ^  " 

Water,  1  « 

Mix;  give  ten  drops  every  two  hours,  and  apply 
Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating  Liniment  all  along 
the  spine,  from  the  head  to  the  tail.  Keep  a  pail 
of  bran-slop  before  the  animal,  and  put  a  ball  of 
aloes  in  the  mouth,  as  far  up  as  possible ;  replace 
as  often  as  it  is  dissolved ;  there  is  no  danger 
of  giving  too  much;  continue  this  until  the 
bowels  are  opened.  When  the  foot  has  been 
injured  by  a  nail,  open  the  wound  well,  and  apply 


180  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

a    flaxseed   poultice   until   healthy  action   takes 
place. 

RHEUMATISM. 

This  disease  is  of  rare  occurrence  in  this 
climate ;  but  in  Ohio,  and  some  other  sections 
of  the  United  States,  it  is  very  common.  Symp- 
toms.— Stiffness  in  moving  about,  the  animal  is 
lame  first  in  one  leg,  then  in  another,  the  joints 
sometimes  become  swollen,  and  are  painful  to  the 
touch,  &c.  Treatment. — The  bowels  should  be 
opened  with  the  following  purge  : — 

R.  Socotrine  Aloes,  1  oz. 

Calomel,  J  dr. 

Pulv.  Gentian  Root,  2  " 

Mix  with  molasses,  and  form  a  |)all.  Grive 
internally  one  ounce  of  pine  tar,  made  into  a 
ball  with  flour  or  flaxseed  meal,  once  a  day,  and 
bathe  the  parts  with  Kerr's  East  India  Liniment, 
prepared  by  Jennings  &  Higgins,  Philadelphia, 
Penna. 

CRAMP. 

This  disease,  even  when  it  exists  in  a  severe 
form,  is  seldom  suspected  by  the  most  experienced 
horsemen,  in  consequence  of  the  peculiar  manner 
in  which  the  animal  is  handled.  The  horse 
appears  perfectly  well,  eating  as  usual ;  but,  on 
attempting  to  take  him  out  of  the  stall,  he  then 
appears  to  have  lost  all  power  of  motion  in  one 
of  his  legs,  usually  one  of  the  hind  ones.  On 
compelling  the  animal  to  move,  he  takes  two  or 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EAST.  131 

three  steps  naturally  enougli;  when,  suddenly, 
the  leg  fails  to  come  forward,  and  is  left  dragging 
behind.  Hand-rubbing,  and  bathing  the  limb 
with  Kerr's  East  India  Liniment,  prepared  by 
Jennings  &  Higgins,  will  restore  the  animal  in  a 
very  short  time. 

FOUNDER. 

The  primary  cause  of  this  disease  is  con- 
traction of  the  hoof,  rendering  it  hard,  brittle,  and 
unyielding,  in  consequence  of  which,  the  con- 
cussion when  the  foot  is  thrown  upon  the  ground 
when  in  motion  is  very  much  increased.  In  this 
condition  long  drives  upon  hard  roads,  bruise 
the  soft  and  delicate  structures  within  the  hoof, 
in  consequence  of  which  the  foot  becomes  sore 
and  fevered.  In  this  condition  the  animal  when 
warm  is  often  watered,  the  body  is  suddenly 
chilled,  causing  a  determination  of  blood  to  the 
feet,  the  capillary  vessels  of  the  feet  become 
clogged,  inflammation  is  the  result,  and  all  the 
symptoms  of  founder  follow,  which  are  well  known 
to  hotsemen  generally.  Treatment. — Open  the 
bowels  as  speedily  as  possible  with  the  following: 
R.  Barbadoes  Aloes,  1  oz. 

Nit.  Potassa,  1  dr. 

Ginger  Pulverized,  i    " 

Mix  with  mucilage  gum  arable,  and  make  into 
a  ball.  Bleed  from  the  coronet,  around  the  upper 
part  of  the  foot,  at  the  inside  quarter.  Foment 
the  feet  well  with  hot  water  for  two  or  three 
hours,  and  then  poultice  with  flaxseed  meal,  and 


132  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 

in  one  week's  time  the  animal  usually  recovers. 
After  which  use  Dr.  E..  Jennings's  Hoof  Oint- 
ment, which  will  promote  healthy  action  in  the 
hoof. 

PUMICED   FEET. 

This  is  a  change  from  the  concave  sole  to  a 
convex  one,  in  consequence  of  the  absorption  of 
the  lower  margin  of  the  os  pedis,  or  bone  within 
the  foot  (see  Skeleton  p.  90),  from  the  inflamma- 
tion consequent  upon  neglected  founder.  Proper 
shoeing  so  as  to  prevent  pressure  upon  the  sole 
of  the  foot,  and  the  use  of  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Hoof  Ointment,  is  all  that  can  be  done  in  these 
cases. 

NAVICULAR    JOINT    DISEASE. 

This  is  a  disease  of  frequent  occurrence  in  all 
sections  of  the  country.  The  horse  is  observed 
to  point,  or  advance  one  foot,  sometimes  for 
months  before  any  lameness  is  seen.  The  animal 
is  at  times  lame  on  first  going  out  of  the  stable, 
but  recovers  from  it  after  travelling  a  short  dis- 
tance, and  may  not  show  it  again  for  days  or  even 
weeks.  In  some  cases  it  comes  on  while  the 
animal  is  on  the  road,  and  disappears  in  a  short 
time,  in  other  instances  the  lameness  is  continu- 
ous. These  variations  are  in  consequence  of  the 
difi"erence  in  the  development  and  intensity  of  the 
disease. 

Symptoms. -r-l^  its  early  stages  there  is  no 
heat  about  the  foot,  no  pain  upon  pressure,  no 
swelling,  the  horse  picks  up  \\iQ  foot  naturally 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  133 

but  steps  ligbtly  upon  it.  As  the  disease  increases 
tlie  animals  step  becomes  sbort  or  paddling ;  par- 
ticularly is  this  the  case  when  both  feet  are  in- 
volved. 

Treatment. — Use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating 
Liniment,  once  a  day  to  the  fetlock  until  the 
parts  are  well  blistered,  then  dress  with  lard ; 
wash  the  foot  every  three  or  four  days  with 
castile  soap  and  water,  and  when  dry  use  the  lard. 
Continue  this  course  until  the  scurf  is  all  re- 
moved, then  use  the  sweating  liniment  again  and 
dress  in  like  manner.  Apply  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Hoof  Ointment  to  the  feet  every  other  day. 
When  this  treatment  fails  the  frog  seton  should 
be  resorted  to.  See  Dr.  R,  Jennings  on  *^The 
Horse  and  his  Diseases." 

OSSIFICATION     OF    THE    LATERAL     CARTILAGES, 

These  are  gristly  projections  from  the  os  pedis, 
or  coffin  bone  in  the  foot,  arising  from  contraction 
of  the  hoof  and  other  causes.  They  become  in- 
flamed, in  consequence  of  which  transformation 
takes  place,  converting  them  into  bony  masses  j  in 
this  condition  the  heels  become  thickened  and  in 
bad  cases  bulging  out  considerably;  when  con- 
firmed the  disease  is  incurable.  In  its  early 
stage,  which  is  quite  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
navicular  joint  disease,  the  use  of  Dr.  R.  Jen- 
nings's Sweating  Liniment,  and  Hoof  Ointment, 
are  indicated. 

12 


134  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

QTJITAR. 

This  disease  is  often  the  result  of  bad  corns. 
Pus  or  matter  is  formed  within  the  hoof  at  the 
heel,  generally  upon  the  inside  of  the  foot,  which 
burrows  its  way  upwards  to  the  top  of  the  hoof 
where  it  discharges;  in  its  course  upwards  it 
separates  the  hoof  from  the  soft  tissues  within. 
The  animal  is  very  lame  until  the  abscess  opens 
at  the  top  of  the  hoof,  when  considerable  relief 
is  afforded. 

Treatment. — Poultice  the  foot  with  linseed 
meal,  for  several  days;  cut  away  all  the  loosened 
parts  of  the  hoof,  and  inject  the  parts  with  a  solu- 
tion of  sulphate  of  zinc  2  drachms,  to  one  pint 
of  water,  or  use  nitrate  of  silver  in  the  same 
proportions.  The  foot  should  be  wrapped  up  to 
keep  dirt  from  it,  and  when  the  parts  begin  to 
heal  properly,  dress  once  a  day  with  glycerine. 

THRUSH. 

This  is  a  disease  of  the  frog,  caused  generally 
by  standing  in  filthy  stables.  The  almost  constant 
contact  of  the  wet  litter  causes  the  frog  to  be- 
come rotten,  secreting  a  very  fetid  matter  in  its 
cleft  or  division. 

Treatment. — Wash  the  parts  clean  with  soap 
and  water,  and  while  wet  sprinkle  a  small  quantity 
of  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Antiseptic  Powder  in  the 
cleft,  and  press  it  down  with  a  little  raw  cotton. 
In  a  few  days  repeat  if  necessary.  One  appli- 
cation usually  is  sufi&cient. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  135 

SCRATCHES. 

This  disease  is  caused  by  travelling  on  muddy- 
roads  during  a  wet  season,  generally  in  the  spring 
or  fall,  or  in  consequence  of  an  unhealthy  con- 
dition of  the  skin  causing  it  to  crack  in  the  fet- 
locks ;  horsemen  understand  very  well  the  nature 
of  this  disease. 

Treatment. — Wash  the  parts  clean  with  castile 
soap  and  water;  if  the  parts  are  very  raw,  apply 
a  flaxseed  poultice  mixed  with  the  following  solu- 
tion. Sulphate  of  zinc  2  drs.  to  one  pint  of 
water ;  spread  it  upon  a  cloth  and  place  it  over 
the  scratches,  securing  it  with  a  bandage.  Con- 
tinue this  for  three  days ;  then  apply  a  small  quan- 
tity of  Dr.  Rr.  Jennings's  Antiseptic  Powder,  or 
use 

R.  Castor  Oil,  2  oz. 

Collodion,  1    " 

Mix  together  and  apply  with  a  piece  of  sponge, 
The  parts  must  be  well  dried  before  it  is  applied. 
Grive  internally,  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Condition 
Powder. 

GREASE    HEELS. 

This  is  a  greasy  exudation  of  a  whitish  of- 
fensive matter  from  the  heels;  the  skin  is  hot, 
tender  and  swollen;  large  portions  of  the  skin 
sometimes  slough  away,  leaving  ugly  sores  to  heal. 

Treatment. — This  must  be  constitutional  as 
well  as  local.  Give  a  strong  purge,  and  poultice 
the  parts  with  linseed  meal,  in  the  same  manner 
as  recommended  in   scratches;  when  the   parts 


136  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

assume  a  healthy  action,  wash  well  with  castile 
soap  and  water,  and  dress  once  a  day  with  Dr.  E,. 
Jennings's  Antiseptic  Powder,  or  use  once  a  week 
a  saturated  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  alco- 
hol; if  this  latter  article  is  used,  do  not  wash  the 
sores  more  than  once  a  week  with  the  liquid ;  it 
will  be  necessary,  however,  to  keep  the  parts  clean 
with  castile  soap  and  water. 

BONE    SPAVIN. 

This  is  a  very  common  disease,  located  in  the 
hock  joint  of  the  horse,  (see  Skeleton  of  the 
Horse,  p.  90)  arising  from  strains,  sprains,  bruises, 
punctured  wounds,  in  fact  anything  that  will 
cause  inflammation  in  the  hock  will  produce 
spavin.  See  Jennings  on  "  The  Horse  and  his  Dis- 
eases.''' Previous  to  bony  deposits  being  thrown 
out,  bathe  the  parts  when  first  injured  with 
tincture  of  arnica  j  spavin  will  very  frequently  be 
prevented  by  this  simple  remedy.  When  it  be- 
comes confirmed  spavin,  use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's 
Sweating  Liniment. 

BLOOD   SPAVIN. 

This  is  a  pufiy  swelling  upon  the  inside  and 
front  part  of  the  hock,  caused  by  an  abundant 
secretion  of  synovia  or  joint  oil.  It  rarely  causes 
lameness  or  other  inconvenience,  being  nothing 
more  than  an  eyesore;  it  may  be  removed  by 
compresses  and  cold-water  bandages  so  arranged 
as  to  press  only  upon  the  swelling.  It  however 
requires  much  care  and  attention  for  several 
months,  which  few  persons  are  willing  to  apply. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  137 

RING  BONE. 

This  is  precisely  tlie  same  disease  as  spavin, 
being  seated  between  the  large  and  small  pastern 
bones,  requiring  tbe  same  treatment  as  spavin. 
Both  these  diseases  .are  slow  in  their  course,  re- 
qui^^ing  generally  several  months' to  overcome  the 
lameness. 

SPLINT. 

This  is  an  exostosis  or  bony  enlargement,  be- 
tween the  cannon  and  splint  bones,  showing  itself 
oftener  upon  the  inside  of  the  fore  legs  than  it 
does  upon  the  outside.  A  few  applications  of 
Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating  Liniment  will  usu- 
ally drive  it  away. 

CURB. 

This  is  an  enlargement  of  the  integument,  or  in 
some  cases  it  is  caused  by  bony  deposits.  In 
other  cases  it  is  the  result  of  breaking  down  of 
the  hock.  This  latter  is  incurable.  It  is  situated 
at  the  back  part  of  the  hock  just  below  the  cap, 
and  often  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances 
proves  troublesome  to  manage.  Blistering,  firing, 
and  setoning  are  the  usual  methods  of  treating 
this  disease.  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating  Lini- 
ment is  the  best  remedy  known  to  us. 

CAPPED  HOCK. 

This  is  a  puffy  swelling  of  the  cap  of  the  hock, 
containing  a  serous  fluid.     It  is  caused  by  bruises, 
in  kicking  against  the  side  of  the  stall,  and  from 
12* 


138  HOUSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

other  injuries.  Use  Dr.  R.  Jennings's  Sweating 
Liniment.  Should  this  fail,  resort  must  be  had  to 
the  seton;  pass  it  under  the  skin  the  whole  length 
of  the  swelling  y  saturate  it  with  the  following : — 

R.  Cantharides  Ointment,         i  oz. 
Spirits  of  Turpentine,         1   " 

Mix  together.  Turn  the  seton  once  a  day,  remove 
it  in  two  weeks,  wash  the  parts  with  castile  soap 
and  water,  and  dress  with  lard. 

SHOULDER    STRAIN. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  easily  detected  injuries 
to  which  the  horse  is  liable,  as  the  symptoms  are 
usually  well  marked.  If  the  injury  is  severe  the 
shoulder  swells.  In  consequence  of  the  inflamma- 
tion, the  toe  drags  upon  the  ground  whenever  the 
animal  moves  forwards.  In  recent  cases  foment 
the  parts  well  with  hot  water  for  half  an  hour, 
then  use  Kerr's  East  India  Liniment,  prepared 
by  Jennings  &  Higgins,  Veterinary  Surgeons. 
Tincture  of  arnica  is  also  a  good  remedy. 

GALLS. 

These  are  generally  caused  by  friction  or  un- 
equal pressure  from  the  saddle,  collar,  &c.  Bathe 
the  parts  with  the  following :  it  is  the  best  pre- 
paration known  to  us. 

R.  Tincture  of  Aloes,         1  oz. 
Tincture  of  Myrrh,       2   " 

Mix,  and  use  two  or  three  times  a  day. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  139 

WARTS. 

!  These  are  fibrous  or  seedy  fungoid  growths, 
occurring  in  various  parts  of  the  body.  In  colts 
they  frequently  present  themselves  in  great  num- 
bers about  the  nose.  Treatment :  Let  them  alone 
•when  about  the  nose  of  colts ;  in  horses,  they  should 
be  removed  with  the  knife,  or  by  a  string  tied 
tightly  round  them,  and  kept  there  until  they 
slough  away.  Permanganate  of  potash,  as  a 
caustic,  is  an  excellent  remedy. 

CASTRATING   COLTS. 

This  operation,  to  say  the  least,  is  a  barbarous 
one,  necessity  only  justifying  its  performance. 
This  fact  admitted,  it  becomes  us,  as  rational  beings, 
to  perform  the  operation  in  such  a  manner  as 
involves  the  least  risk,  the  least  pain,  and  the 
least  inconvenience  to  the  animal  operated  upon. 
Castration  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  operations 
known  to  man.  The  different  methods  which 
have  from  time  to  time  been  practised,  we  will 
not  consider  in  this  little  work,  but  will  be  con- 
tent with  mentioning  the  operation  introduced 
into  the  United  States,  by  the  author,  several 
years  ago.  This  consists  in  removing  the  testicles 
by  means  of  the  acraseur,  an  instrument  invented 
for  the  removal  of  hemorrhoides  (piles)  in  man. 
The  advantages  of  this  operation  over  all  others 
are.  First :  'it  is  safer,  better,  less  painful,  more 
scientific,  and  less  barbarous  than  any  other  at 
present  known.  Second :  the  wounds  heal  quickly, 


140  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

seldom  requiring  more  than  two  weeks,  an<J  usually 
not  more  than  one.  Third  :  the  operation  is  less 
troublesome  to  the  skilful  operator,  as  well  as  to 
the  owner  of  the  animal,  as  the  colt  is  done  with 
as  soon  as  it  is  let  up,  no  after  treatment  as  a 
general  thing  being  required,  as  in  other  methods, 
such  as  keeping  the  scrotum  open,  &c.  Fourth : 
usually  little  or  no  swelling  takes  place,  the 
animal  being  scarcely  affected  in  any  preceptible 
way  by  the  operation.  Fifth :  there  is  no  more 
hemorrhage  than  by  any  other  operation.  An 
experience  of  twenty  years'  active  practice  justi- 
fies me  in  making  the  above  assertions,  averaging 
over  one  hundred  operations  a  year.  Where  a 
sufficient  number  of  colts  are  obtained  in  any 
section  of  the  country,  to  justify  an  excursion, 
the  services  of  Dr.  R.  Jennings  may  be  obtained 
to  perform  the  operations  by  addressing  him  at 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 


GLANDERS. 

This  subject  being  one  of  great  interest  at  the 
present  time  to  horsemen  and  the  public  gener- 
ally, and  having  in  connection  with  the  Phila- 
delphia Society  for  promoting  Agriculture,  dis- 
tributed 2500  copies  of  my  pamphlet  on  Grlanders 
gratuitously,  and  the  applications  being  several 
thousands  more  than  could  be  supplied,  induces 
the  author  to  republish  it  in  connection  with  this 
work. 


GLANDERS. 


Fellow-Citizens  : — 

The  sales  of  condemned  government  horses  in 
New  Jersey  and  adjacent  states,  having  intro- 
duced into  our  county  and  immediate  vicinity 
the  terrible  scourge  known  as  "glanders,"  I  con- 
ceive it  my  imperative  duty  to  warn  you  in  time 
of  the  danger  which  is  threatening  our  com- 
munity. 

If  the  experience  of  a  veterinary  surgeon,  who 
has  devoted  twenty  years  of  his  life  to  the  relief 
of  the  noblest  animal  in  the  gift  of  Providence, 
is  not  sufficient  to  excite  your  sympathy  and  even 
your  fears,  I  am  convinced  that  the  following 
reports,  based  upon  evidential  facts  and  undoubted 
authority,  will  attain  that  object. 

You  will  see  the  proofs  that  '^glanders"  is  a 
disease  without  remedy,  positively  incurable,  ex- 
tremely contagious,  easily  communicated  to  man, 
and  that  every  day  human  life  is  sacrificed  to 
incredulity  and  ignorance ! 

GLANDERS. 

Definition. — Glanders  consists  in  a  discharge, 
from  one  or  both  nostrils,  of  matter  which  by 
transfer  or  inoculation  will  produce  the  disease 

(141) 


142  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

in  another  animal  (of  the  equine  or  human  spe- 
cies), and  which  discharge  is  sooner  or  later 
accompanied  by  vascular  injection  and  chancrous 
ulceration  of  the  schneiderian  membrane,  by 
tumefaction  of  the  submaxillary  lymphatic  glatnds, 
a  ad  by  farcy. — Percival. 

Symptoms. — A  discharge  of  matter  from  one 
or  both  nostrils,  enlargement  of  one  or  both  sub- 
maxillary glands.  When  one  nostril  only  is 
affected,  the  corresponding  gland  is  almost  inva- 
riably found  enlarged.  The  schneiderian  mem- 
brane (lining  of  the  nose)  is  generally  of  a  pale 
or  leaden  hue,  and  sometimes  ulcerations  are 
visible  on  its  surface.  The  discharge  usually 
sticks  to  the  nostrils,  and  is  sometimes  white  and 
thick,  but  oftener  of  a  grayish  aspect.  A  dis- 
charge from  the  nostrils,  and  the  appearance 
of  ulceration,  is  not  alone  sufficient  to  establish 
the  presence  of  the  disease ;  for  these  ulcerations 
are  sometimes  produced  by  the  acrid  nature 
of  the  discharge  from,  catarrh.  In  the  first  stage 
of  the  disease,  there  is  a  discharge  from  one 
nostril  only  of  a  whitish  humor,  which  is  incon- 
siderable, except  when  the  horse  has  been  exercised 
for  some  time.  There  is  an  increased  redness 
of  the  membrane  within  the  nostrils.  The  swell- 
ing of  the  glands  under  the  jaw  is  on  the  same 
side  as  the  affected  nostril.  The  horse's  coat 
appears  healthy,  and  the  animal  in  good  condition. 

The  symptoms  of  glanders,  arising  from  com- 
munication with  a  glaudered  horse,  are  different 
from  those  of  glanders  produced  by  bad  proven- 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  143 

der,  excessive  exertion,  &c.  In  tlie  former,  the 
discharge  is  from  one  nostril  only,  or  much  more 
from  one  than  from  the  other;  and  there  is  no 
cough  or  other  symptom  of  catarrh  or  cold,  or 
any  other  disorder.  In  the  latter,  on  the  con- 
trary, there  is  cough,  either  dry  or  moist;  and  it 
is  preceded  by  loss  of  appetite,  or  falling  oiGf  in 
appetite,  and  depression  of  spirits. 

The  symptoms  of  the  second  stage  are,  the 
altered  appearance  of  the  nasal  discharge",  which 
has  become  more  glutinous,  and  adheres  to  the 
edges  of  the  nostril,  with  a  contraction  and  par- 
tial closing  of  the  nostril,  with  increased  tender- 
ness of  the  swelling  under  the  jaw,  which  adheres 
more  closely  to  the  jaw-bone ;  the  discharge  is 
somewhat  streaked  with  blood,  and  of  an  offen- 
sive smell.  The  discharge  is  now  from  both  nos- 
trils. There  is  a  slight  tumefaction  of  the  under 
eyelid,  a  swelling  or  elevation  of  the  bones  of 
the  nose  or  forehead.  Loss  of  appetite,  debility, 
cough,  and  swelling  of  the  legs  and  sheath,  and 
sometimes  lameness  without  any  apparent  cause, 
chancres  or  ulcerations  within  the  nostrils,  great 
tenderness  of  the  glands  under  the  jaw,  which 
now  adhere  close  to  the  jaw-bone,  a  small  dis- 
charge of  matter  from  the  inner  corner  of  the 
eye.  When  these  symptoms  appear,  the  disease 
soon  proceeds  to  a  fatal  termination.  The  above 
symptoms  are  not  all  peculiar  to  glanders,  but 
may  occur  in  strangles,  peripneumony,  and  pleu- 
risy. The  glutinous  discharge,  the  swelling  of 
the   glands  under  the  jaw,  and  the   ulceration 


144  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 

within  the  nostrils,  are  symptoms  which  occur  in 
the  above  diseases,  as  well  as  in  glanders. 

Although  the  disease  is  here  divided  into  the 
first  and  second  stages,  it  is  not  essential  that  in 
each  case  the  former  should  precede  the  latter, 
for  sometimes  the  acute  only  is  present,  and  the 
horse  speedily  dies,  if  not  destroyed.  In  other 
instances,  the  acute  stage  may  be  succeeded  by 
the  sub-acute.  It  may,  however,  be  observed, 
that  the  first  stage  never  ends  in  death,  but 
it  is  always  in  the  second  stage  that  the  disease 
proves  fatal.  Besides  these  stages,  glanders 
sometimes  assumes  a  still  more  insidious  appear- 
ance, in  which  the  discharge  is  so  slight,  and  the 
enlarged  gland  so  trivial,  as  not  only  to  deceive  the 
ignorant,  but  often  to  mislead  the  well-instructed 
practitioner.  The  discharge  is  thin,  and  appears 
no  more  than  a  slight  increase  of  the  natural 
discharge,  and  the  sub-maxillary  swelling  is  no 
larger  than  a  bean,  though  hard  and  indurated. 
Such  cases  as  these  have  proved  of  irreparable 
injury  to  many  horse  proprietors,  from  the  symp- 
toms not  being  sufficiently  urgent  to  excite 
alarm  ;  and  when  a  veterinary  surgeon  has  given 
his  opinion  that  such  case  was  one  of  glanders, 
there  have  not  been  wanting  plenty  of  farriers 
and  others  who  have  altogether  contemned  such 
an  opinion,  and,  for  a  time  at  least,  have  exulted 
over  their  own  superior  sagacity.  Mr.  James 
Turner  relates  a  striking  instance  of  this,  in 
which  his  advice  was  disregarded,  and  a  horse, 
with  these  insidious  appearances,  was  allowed  to 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  145 

mix  with  other  horses^  to  several  of  wliich  lie 
communicated  the  disease  in  the  course  of  a  few 
months. —  Whitens  Veterinary  Art. 

The  most  common  cause  of  this  disease  is  the 
impure  air  of  close,  ill-ventilated,  damp,  and 
filthy  stables,  acting  injuriously  upon  the  organs 
of  respiration,  destroying  the  constitution,  de- 
bilitating the  system,  rendering  it  susceptible  to 
the  attack  of  disease.  Neglected  catarrh,  strangles, 
&c,,  sometimes  terminate  in  glanders:  hard  work 
and  bad  provender,  together  with  sudden  changes 
from  exposure  to  cold  and  wet  weather,  to  hot 
stables,  &c.,  are  likewise  regarded  as  among  the 
causes;  contagion  is  the  most  common  of  all 
causes,  the  disease  being  readily  communicated 
from  one  animal  to  another  by  it. 

"  The  city  of  Lyons,  France,  must  always  con- 
tain a  great  number  of  glandered  horses,  on 
account  of  the  dampness  of  the  situation  and 
climate,  and  it  being  a  public  market  for  horses. 
The  garrison  at  Lyons  generally  has  its  share 
of  this  disease.  During  this  year  the  mildness 
of  the  winter,  and  the  heat  of  the  spring  and 
summer,  have  prevented  circumstances  less  favor- 
able than  usual,  to  the  development  of  this 
malady  J  therefore,  with  the  exception  of  horses 
from  the  garrison,  and  which  had  been  long  kept 
in  the  infirmary  at  the  barracks  before  they  were 
sent  to  us,  we  have  had  very  few  cases  of  gland- 
ers, compared  with  several  preceding  years ;  yet 
notwithstanding  these  favorable  circumstances, 
we  are  compelled  to  acknowledge  that  it  has  been 
13 


146  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

as  rebellious  to  treatment  as  ever.  Our  means 
of  cure  have  always  possessed  too  little  power, 
seeing  that  when  ulceration  of  the  pituitary 
(of  the  nose)  membrane  begins  to  appear,  the 
lungs  and  constitution  of  the  animal  have  under- 
gone a  modification  which  it  is  difficult  to  remove. 

"  The  greater  part  of  the  animals  that  have 
gone  from  us,  apparently  cured  of  glanders,  have 
speedily  relapsed  when  they  have  been  subjected 
to  hard  work,  or  have  been  exposed  to  neglect  or 
privation."  —  Extract  from  the  Report  of  the 
Veterinary  College  of  LyonSj  1834  and  1835. 

Mr.  W.  Percival,  in  his  "  Hippopathology," 
gives  us  the  following  facts  as  the  result  of  his 
own  experience  : — 

1.  "  That  farcy  and  glanders,  which  constitute 
the  same  disease,  are  propagated  through  the 
medium  of  stabling,  and  this  we  believe  to  be 
the  more  usual  way  in  which  diseases  are  com- 
municated from  horse  to  horse. 

2.  "That  infected  stabling  may  harbor ^nd 
retain  the  infection  for  months,  or  even  years ; 
and  although  by  thoroughly  cleansing  and  mak- 
ing use  of  disinfecting  means,  the  contagion  may 
be  destroyed,  yet  it  would  not  be  wise  to  occupy 
such  stables  immediately  after  such  supposed  or 
alleg'ed  disinfection. 

3.  "  That  the  virus,  or  poison  of  glanders,  may 
lie  for  months  in  a  state  of  incubation  in  the 
horse's  constitution  before  the  disease  breaks 
out.     Of  this  we  have  had  most  positive  evidence. 

4.  "  That  when  a  stable  of  horses   becomes 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  147 

contaminated,  the  disease  often  makes  fearful 
ravages  among  tliem  before  it  quits ;  and  it  is 
only  after  a  period  of  several  months  exemption 
from  all  disease  of  the  kind,  that  a  clean  bill 
of  health  can  be  rendered." 

EARCY. 

This  I  regard  as  an  incipient  stage  of  glanders, 
or  as  a  type  of  the  same  fatal  malady,  and  is  to  a 
certain  extent  curable.  Experiments  prove  that 
the  virus  from  a  farcied  horse  will  produce 
glanders  by  inoculation  in  a  sound  one,  and  that 
the  glandered  matter  will  in  like  manner  produce 
farcy.  There  are  two  distinct  varieties  or  stages 
of  farcy ;  one,  which  is  called  button  farcy,  is 
altogether  superficial,  being  confined  to  the 
lymphatic  vessels  of  the  skin,  and  readily  yields 
to  medical  treatment;  the  other  variety  makes 
its  appearance  in  the  extremities,  generally  upon 
the  inside  of  the  hind-legs,  which  become  com- 
pletely engorged  ;  but  the  swelling  is  very  differ- 
ent from  the  ligamentary  thickening,  or  from 
oedema,  being  very  uneven  or  lumpy,  excessively 
tender,  and  painful  to  the  touch.  Small  ab- 
scesses are  formed,  which  at  first  discharge  a 
healthy  pus,  but  soon  ulcerate,  and  discharge  a 
thin  sanious  matter.  These  abscesses  first  make 
their  appearance  on  the  inside  of  the  hind-legs, 
and  then  on  the  fore  ones  in  like  manner;  the 
neck  and  lips  come  next  in  turn,  and  they  may 
appear  in  all  parts  of  the  body,  when  glanders 
will  begin  to  manifest  itself. 


148  HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY. 

Stonehenge  says :  ''  Farcy  appears  to  depend 
upon  the  development  of  tlie  same  poison  as  in 
glanders ;  but  tlie  attempt  at^elimination  is  made 
in  the  skin,  instead  of  the  mucous  membrane 
lining  the  nose.  A  horse  inoculated  with  glan- 
ders may  exhibit  farcy,  and  vice  versa." 

"  Farcy  usually  shows  itself  first  by  one  or  two 
small  hard  knots  in  the  skin  called  '  farcy  buds ;' 
these  soon  soften  and  contain  a  small  quantity 
of  pus ;  but,  as  this  is  rapidly  absorbed,  the 
lymphatics  which  convey  it  into  the  circulation 
inflame ;  and  at  a  short  distance  another  bud  is 
formed,  &c.  In  process  of  time  the  general 
system  suffers,  as  in  glanders,  and  the  horse 
dies,  a  miserable,  worn-out  object.  No  treat- 
ment can  be  relied  on  to  cure  the  disease ;  and, 
as  it  is  equally  contagious  with  glanders,  every 
farcied  horse  ought  at  once  to  be  destroyed. 
The  hard  nature  of  the  buds,  and  the  thickened 
lymphatics  extending  like  cords  between,  clearly 
make  known  the  nature  of  the  disease." 

Glanders  Contagious. — This  brings  us  to  the 
more  important  part  of  our  subject,  and  places  us 
upon  our  guard,  so  as  to  prevent  us  as  far  as 
possible  exposing  ourselves  to  such  a  calamity. 
The  time  which  glanders  appears  after  inoculation 
is  very  uncertain ;  it  may  be  a  few  days,  or  it  may 
be  several  months,  varying  according  to  circum- 
stances and  the  condition  of  the  animal.  Glan- 
ders has  been  known  to  remain  dormant  in  the 
system  for  a  period  of  two  or  three  years  previous 
to  its  being  developed. 


HORSE-TRAINING  MADE  EASY.  149 

^^The  mai7i  cause  is  contagion. — T  now  ap- 
proach, gentlemen,  not  without  hesitation,  but 
without  fear,  the  grand  cause  of  Glanders — Con- 
tagion. I  advisedly  call  it  'the  grand  cause,' 
for  I  believe  that  I  shall  be  able  to  render  it  pro- 
bable that  glanders  arises  oftener  from  contagion 
than  from  any  other  source.  I  know  that  our 
continental  neighbors  deny  the  contagiousness  of 
glanders  altogether;  but  they  do  not,  and  can- 
not deny  that  the  disease  does  follow  contact,  and 
often  mere  proximity  of  situation.  When  they 
tell  me  that  it  is  not  the  disease  that  is  commu- 
nicated, but  a  mere  predisposition,  a  greater 
aptitude  in  the  frame  generally,  or  some  part  of 
it,  to  be  affected  by  the  usual  causes  of  glanders, 
I  cannot  but  regard  this  as  the  merest  quibbling. 
I  take  the  broad  fact,  that  a  glandered  horse 
being  inadvertently  admitted  into  a  stable,  some 
of  his  companions,  after  awhile,  become  glandered 
too.  The  stable  had  previously,  and  for  many 
years — nay,  from  the  very  time  of  its  erection — 
been  free  from  the  disease,  and  no  alteration, 
whatever,  has  taken  place  in  the  system  of 
management :  a  glandered  horse  finds  his  way 
thither,  in  a  few  months  the  whole  team  is 
glandered.  When  in  the  face  of  this,  a  person 
tells  me  that  it  was  not  the  disease  which  was 
communicated,  but  a  facility  of  being  acted  upon 
by  certain  agents,  I  regard  it  as  a  species  of  quib- 
bling, unworthy  of  a  scientific  pathologist;  and 
I  deprecate  the  injury  which  may  be  done  to  the 
agricultural  community  by  the  broad  assertion, 
13* 


150  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.- 

thus  ridiculously  and  falsely  explained,  that 
glanders  is  not  contagious.  One  point,  however, 
is  established,  I  think, — that  glanders  is  far  more 
contagious  than  many  have  supposed;  Mr. 
Turner's  mare  destroyed  four  of  her  companions. 
The  poor  Widow  at  Paddington  had  her  stable 
perfectly  emptied  by  the  disease  ;  and  I  will  ven- 
ture to  say,  that  there  is  not  a  district  throughout 
the  kingdom,  in  which  some  farmer,  by  the  loss 
of  a  considerable  proportion,  or  the  greater  part 
of  his  team,  has  not  had  suflBcient  proof  of  the 
contagiousness  of  glanders.  The  cause  of  this 
doubt  with  regard  to  the  frequent  communication 
of  the  disease  by  inoculation,  seems  to  have  arisen 
from  ignorance  of  its  insidious  nature.  When 
glanders  appears,  and  the  horse  has,  for  several 
weeks  or  months,  scarcely  been  exposed  to  the ' 
possibility  of  contagion,  it  has  at  once  been  con- 
cluded that  the  disease  was  generated  in  him  by 
some  assigned  or  unknown  recent  cause.  It  has 
now,  however,  been  proved  to  us  that  the  disease 
may  exist  and  may  be  communicated  to  others, 
when,  for  many  months,  there  has  been  nothing 
to  excite  suspicion  in  the  mind  of  the  groom  or 
the  owner ;  and  when  the  candid  veterinary  sur- 
geon acknowledges,  that,  had  not  the  circum- 
stances been  pointed  out  to  him,  it  would  probably 
have  escaped  his  observation.  The  truth  of  the 
matter  is  then,  that  every  horse  that  passes 
through  a  fair,  or  is  baited  at  an  inn,  or  even 
travels  the  common  public  road,  may  be  infected 
without   the   rider's   or   owner's    knowledge   or 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  151 

sliglitest  suspicion.  A  glaudered  stallion  neiglied 
at  a  mare  that  was  separated  from  liim  by  a 
double  hedge  and  a  deep  lane;  the  virus  was 
wafted  across  by  the  wind,  and  she  became  dis- 
eased, and  died.  It  is  impossible  for  any  one  to 
say,  except  there  be  some  plain  and  manifest 
cause  for  the  generation  of  the  disease,  that  any 
horse  did  not  receive  it  by  infection.  There 
would  be  a  degree  of  presumption  in  the  assertion 
which  the  calm  inquirer  after  truth  should  not 
display.  The  opinion  of  our  ancestors,  from  time 
out  of  date,  had  taught  us  to  beware  of  glanders 
as  a  contagious  as  well  as  a  fatal  disease.  Let  us 
not,  without  incontestable  proof,  abandon  that 
which  for  ages  was  never  doubted.  There  is  not 
a  circumstance  that  has  been  productive  of  half 
so  much  loss  to  the  agriculturist,  and  the  pro- 
prietor of  horses,  as  this  too  frequently  and  too 
positively  repeated  assertion  of  the  non-con- 
tagiousness of  glanders.  Many  thousands  of 
pounds  would  not  cover  the  annual  loss.  A  case 
occurred  about  two  years  ago,  and  not  a  very 
great  way  from  this  metropolis.  A  gentleman 
had  a  team  of  farm-horses,  almost  unrivalled  fur 
activity  and  strength.  One  of  them  exhibited 
symptoms  of  incipient  glanders.  A  newly  arrived 
young  veterinarian  was  consulted  as  to  the  pio- 
priety  of  preventing  all  further  mischief,  and 
cutting  short  the  affair,  by  destroying  the  dis- 
eased animal.  'Oh!  by  no  means,'  said  he; 
'there  is  not  the  danger  about  glanders  which 
some  foolish  people  imagine;  you  well  ventilate 


152  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

your  stables,  and  let  ttere  be  no  animal  poison 
lurking  there  from  air  that  has  been  breathed 
over  and  over  again,  and  I  will  answer  for  it, 
your  other  horses  are  safe  enough;  there  is  not 
one  horse  in  a  thousand  that  catches  glanders/ 
The  gentleman  was  somewhat  surprised,  and  ex- 
pressed a  little  doubt  about  the  matter;  but,  the 
young  theorist  producing  chapter  and  verse  in 
elucidation  of  his  point,  he  suffered  himself  to  be 
over-persuaded ;  and  in  less  than  a  twelvemonth 
he  had  not  a  sound  horse  upon  his  farm." — 
YouaU's  Lectures  at  the  University  of  London, 
1832. 

The  glanders  is  a  disease  of  the  horse  tribe,  com- 
municable to  man  and  other  animals.  It  is  chiefly 
manifested  by  unhealthy  suppuration  of  the  mu- 
cous membrane  of  the'nasal  cavities,  and  pustular 
eruptions  on  the  skin,  and  unhealthy  abscesses 
in  the  lymphatic  system. — .Druitfs  Surgery. 

The  instant  that  there  is  any  appearance  of  it, 
the  horse  should  be  immediately  removed  to  a 
place  by  itself,  as  this  malady  is  exceedingly 
infectious;  and  from  want  of  due  caution,  when 
even  a  suspicion  is  entertained,  the  most  dis- 
astrous consequences  have  been  the  result. — 
Brown's  Farriery. 

Glanders. — A  disease  in  horses,  attended 
with  a  copious  discharge  of  mucus  from  the  nose. 
It  is  needless  to  endeavor  to  describe  the  various 
attempts  which  have  been  made  to  cure  this 
almost  invariably  fatal  disorder.  But  the  farmer 
must  avoid  a  common  error  of  confounding  ulcer- 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  153 

ation  of  the  membrane  of  the  nose  with  glanders, 
for  the  symptoms  are  very  similar.  The  farmer 
will  do  well,  as  soon  as  he  finds  a  horse  attacked 
with  this  disease,  to  place  him  by  himself,  give  him 
green  food,  and  thoroughly  whitewash  the  stable 
from  which  he  is  taken,  for  it  is  a  most  con- 
tagious disease. — American  Farmer's  Encyclo- 
jpeclia. 

'  Two  thorough-bred  colts,  yearlings,  that  had 
never  been  broke  or  put  into  a  stable,  were  af- 
fected with  the  glanders  to  a  violent  degree.  It 
was  considered  by  the  proprietor  as  a  very  ex- 
traordinary circumstance  that  having  never  been 
kept  with  any  other  horse,  these  colts  should  have 
been  attacked  with  the  disease.  On  inquiry, 
however,  the  author  found  that^a  canal  ran  on  the 
side  of  the  field  in  which  these  colts  were  kept, 
and  that  upon  one  occasion,  some  boatmen  had 
been  detected  in  turning  their  horses  to  graze  in 
the  same  field;  and  hence  a  very  fair  presumption 
arose  that  the  contagion  was  communicated  in 
that  way. — Lawrence. 

That  the  glanders  is  contagious,  has  been 
clearly  and  indisputably  proved  by  numerous  ex- 
periments, and  the  manner  in  which  it  is  propa- 
gated has  likewise  been  satisfactorily  demon- 
strated. The  great  number  of  horses  that  have 
been  destroyed  by  glanders,  especially  in  the 
army,  and  in  the  estabHshments  where  great 
numbers  of  horses  are  kept,  has  excited, particular 
attention  to  the  subject,  especially  in  France  and 
Italy,  where  many  attempts  were  made  in  the  be- 


154  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE    EAST. 

ginning  of  tlie  last  centuiy  to  discover  a  remedy 
for  it. — Skeavington. 

"It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance/*  says  Mr. 
White,  "  that  glanders  cannot  be  communicated 
by  applying  the  matter  which  is  discharged  from 
the  nose  of  a  glandered  horse  to  the  nostrils  of  a 
sound  one,  unless  there  be  an  open  wound  or 
sore,  even  though  a  piece  of  lint,  soaked  in  the 
matter,  be  put  up  the  nostrils,  and  kept  in  contact 
with  the  pituitary  membrane  for  a  short  time  j  or 
even  if  the  matter  be  thrown  up  the  nostrils  with 
a  syringe.  But,  if  the  smallest  quantity  of  mat- 
ter be  applied  in  the  way  of  inoculation,  either 
to  the  membrane  of  the  nostrils,  or  to  any  part  of 
the  body,  a  glanderous  ulcer  will  be  produced, 
from  which  farcy  buds  and  corded  lymphatics 
will  proceed.  After  a  few  weeks  the  poison  will, 
get  into  the  circulation,  and  the  horse  will  be 
completely  glandered.  The  circumstance  of 
glanders  not  being  communicated  by  applying 
matter  to  the  nostril,  enables  us  to  account  for  a 
horse  escaping  the  disorder,  as  he  sometimes 
does,  after  being  put  into  a  glandered  stable,  or 
standing  by  the  side  of  a  glandered  horse.  I  am 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  disorder  is  more 
readily  caught  by  eating  the  glanderous  matter 
mixed  with  oats  or  hay,  than  by  drinking  it  with 
water,  as  in  the  former  case  it  is  so  intimately 
mixed  with  the  food  in  mastication.  M.  St.  Bell 
placed  two  sound  horses  by  a  glandered  horse, 
drinking  out  of  the  same  pail,  and  eating  out  of 
the  same  manger.     One  of  the  sound  horses  was 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  155 

six  years  old,  and  just  taken  from  grass;  the 
other  nine  years  old,  and  taken  from  regular 
work'.  The  first  showed  evident  signs  of  glanders 
at  the  expiration  of  thirty-four  days;  it  fully 
declared  itself  in  the  second  at  the  end  of  six 
weeks/' 

John  G-amgee,  Professor  in  the  Edinburgh 
Veterinary  College,  says  :  "  Horses  undoubtedly 
affected  with  this  dreadful  malady  should  be  de- 
stroyed as  soon  as  the  disease  is  satisfactorily 
diagnosed.  Various  mineral  tonics  have  been 
vaunted  as  specifics,  but  we  cannot  conceive  on 
what  principle  animals  should  be  allowed  to  live, 
endangering  the  life  of  those  around  them,  with 
no  benefit  to  themselves. 

"A  glandered  horse  may  contaminate  the  air 
of  a  stable  to  such  a  degree,  that  horses  breath- 
ing the  same  air  may  become  infected  with  the, 
disease,  although  the  infected  may  never  come  in 
contact  with  the  infecting  horse.  Fortunately 
glanders  is  not  so  infectious  as  some  other  dis- 
eases to  which  horses  are  liable,  otherwise  the 
breed  would  soon  become  extincf — Veterina- 
rian^ 1833. 

"  Glanders. — We  have  had  about  the  same 
number  of  glandered  horses'^s  in  the  last  year ; 
and  we  must  repeat,  that  in  spite  of  all  the  care 
that  has  been  bestowed  upon  them,  and  the  strict 
attention  which  has  been  paid  to  the  adminis- 
tration of  medicines  the  most  likely  to  have  a 
good  effect,  and  the  power  of  which  has  been 
vaunted  by  others,  we  are  not  able  to  relate  a 


156  HORSE-TRAININQ   MADE   EASY. 

single  case  of  tlie  complete  cure  of  glanders. 
Seven  lior.ses  were  returned  to  their  owners  ap- 
parently cured — all  the  recognisable  symptoms 
of  the  disease  had  disappeared ;  six  of  them  were, 
after  some  months,  returned  to  us  more  decidedly 
glandered  than  they  were  before ;  they  were  de- 
stroyed. The  seventh  has  now  been  away  three 
months ;  but  we  reckon  upon  seeing  him  again 
about  the  same  time  as  the  others,  and  in  the 
same  state  as  that  in  which  they  returned." — 
From  the  proceedings  of  the  Veterinary  College^ 
Alfort,  France,  1833-4. 

"  Acute  Glanders. — MM.  Renault  and  Bow- 
ley  have  continued  their  researches  on  this  dis- 
ease. An  inquiry  into  the  nature  of  this  malady, 
its  symptoms,  and,  more  especially,  its  contagious 
property,  has  acquired  increasing  interest  since 
its  transmissibility  from  the  horse  to  the  human 
being  has  been  lately  proved  in  so  many  instances. 
MM.  R-enault  and  Bowley  have  arrived  at  the 
following  results :  Acute  glanders  is  contagious 
by  inoculation  from  horse  to  horse.  Every  ex- 
periment of  the  last  and  the  present  year  has 
given  this  positive  constant  result.  Without  a 
single  exception,  the  symptoms  of  the  infection 
of  glanders  have  appeared  in  the  inoculated 
animals  from  the  third  to  the  fifth  day,  and  death 
has  ensued  between  the  tenth  and  fifteenth  days/' 
—  Veterinarian. 

In  the  .year  1861,  my  attention  was  called  to 
seventeen  horses,  the  property  of  Mr.  E.  K.  B., 
of  Felton,  Delaware,  who,  some  six  months  pre- 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  157 

vious,  had  purcliased  a  horse  at  the  horse-auction 
in  Philadelphia.  This  animal  was  supposed  to 
have  a  slight  attack  of  what  is  commonly  called 
"  distemper."  In  a  short  time  some  of  Mr.  B/s 
other  horses  showed  symptoms  of  the  same  dis- 
ease, several  of  which  died.  Mr.  B.,  becoming 
alarmed  at  his  repeated  losses,  called  in  my  assist- 
ance. I  found  (if  my  memory  serves  me  right) 
five  of  the  seventeen  horses  glandered,  three 
of  which  I  ordered  killed.  The  others  which 
had  not  shown  symptoms  of  disease,  I  ordered  to 
be  at  once  removed  from  the  stable,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent all  possible  communication  between  them 
and  those  in  which  the  disease  was  not  fully 
developed.  Mr.  B.  loaned  Mr.  H.,  a  neighbor, 
one  of  his  horses  to  work  in  a  lumber  team ; 
soon  after  which  the  disease  made  its  appearance 
in  Mr.  H.'s  stock  of  ten  horses.  My  attention 
was  called  to  these  animals,  also,  several  of  which 
I  found  laboring  from  the  same  fatal  malady. 
Two  of  these  animals  in  which  the  disease  was 
fully  developed  I  ordered  killed.  Removing  my 
residence  from  Philadelphia  to  Bordentown,  N. 
J.,  about  this  time,  I  lost  sight  of  these  cases, 
and  have  not  since  heard  from  them. 

Soon  after  the  present  rebellion  broke  out,  one 
of  my  old  customers,  Mr.  H.',  who  kept  a  livery- 
stable  in  Cherry  street,  Philadelphia,  was  doing  a 
thriving  business,  and  having  a  number  of  the 
finest  horses  in  the  city  kept  there.  Two  army 
horses  were  put  up  for  the  night  at  that  stable.  No 
appearance  of  disease  was  observed  about  them 


158  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

One  of  these  horses  occupied  a  stall  near  to  that 
occupied  by  Dr.  L.'s  horse,  which  was  valued  at 
^300.  Soon  after  this  visit,  Dr.  L.'s  horse  showed 
evidence  of  ozena,  which  rapidly  degenerated  into 
glanders;  the  animal  was  killed.  Case  No.  2, 
valued  at  $500,  the  property  of  Mr.  D.,  fell  a 
victim  to  this  fatal  disease,  and  was  also  killed. 
Case  3,  valued  at  $300,  belonging  to  Mr.  B., 
also  became  glandered  and  was  destroyed;  to- 
gether with  six  other  animals,  all  valuable  and 
highly  prized  by  their  owners.  This  calamity 
fell  heavily  on  Mr.  H.,  who  in  consequence  was 
compelled  to  relinquish  the  business  for  some 
other  occupation.  This  stable  has  since  been 
torn  out,  the  walls  picked,  remodelled,  and  it  is 
once  more  in  successful  operation,  with  new 
stock  and  a  new  proprietor,  who  it  is  to  be  hoped 
will  meet  with  better  fortune. 

In  1854,  when  inspector  of  the  Philadelphia 
Mutual  Live-Stock  Insurance  Co.,  I  was  called 
to  examine  a  fine  gray  horse  belonging  to  Mr.  W., 
of  the  Western  Exchange  Hotel,  recently  insured 
for  $300,  which  pohcy  had  just  expired.  Mr. 
W.  asserted  that  the  animal  had  only  a  slight 
cold,  but  was  getting  better  :  on  examining  the 
animal,  however,  I  pronounced  him  glandered, 
which  the  owner  was  loth  to  believe :  in  order  to 
satisfy  him  of  the  correctness  of  my  diagnpsis,  I 
called  in  T.  J.  Corbyn  and  the  late  W.  W.  Fra- 
ley,  veterinary  surgeons,  both  of  whom  confirmed 
my  opinion.  Mr.  W.,  not  wishing  to  destroy 
the  horse,  desired  me  to  experiment  with  him  in 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  159 

order,  if  possible,  to  save  his  life.  Some  twox 
weeks  subsequently,  a  farmer  stopping  at  the 
hotel,  supposing  himself  well  acquainted  with 
such  diseases,  offered  Mr.  W.  $75  for  the  horse, 
asserting  at  the  same  time  that  it  was  only  the 
distemper  that  ailed  him,  and  he  could  cure  any 
horse  of  that  disease.  Mr.  W.  immediately  con- 
sulted me  in  regard  to  the  propriety  of  selling 
the  horse  :  my  advice  was,  under  the  circum- 
stances, to  clear  himself  of  all  responribility. 
The  result  was  the  horse  was  sold.  Some  six 
months  later,  I  learned  that  the  horse  was  dead, 
together  with  two  other  animals  belonging  to  the 
same  unfortunate  purchaser. 

Sometime  last  spring,  Mr.  P.,  residing  near 
Pemberton,  New  Jersey,  purchased  a  horse  which 
showed,  as  he  thought,  symptoms  of  "  distemper ;'' 
for  some  reason  or  other,  Mr.  P.  did  not  keep 
this,  animal  long,  but  sold  him  to  a  Mr.  J.,  re- 
siding some  two  miles  distant.  Soon  after  Mr. 
P.  parted  with  this  animal,  he  sent  another  horse 
belonging  to  him  to  me  for  examination  which 
had  been  previously  treated  for  nasal  gleet. 
This  animal  I  unhesitatingly  pronounced  glan- 
dered,  and  recommended  his  destruction ;  the 
animal,  however,  died  in  a  few  days,  since  which 
time  another  of  Mr.  P.'s  horses  has  shown  symp- 
toms of  the  same  disease.  Subsequently  I  was 
called  to  see  the  horses  belonging  to  Mr.  J.,  who 
had  lost  three  animals  since  the  purchase  of  Mr. 
P.'s  horse,  and  had  two  more  sick  with  the  same 
fatal  disease,  all  of  which  had  been  treated  ia 


160  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

the  same  manner  as  were  ttose  of  Mr.  P.  I 
found  these  animals  also  glandered,  and  ordered 
one  of  them  to  be  killed ;  the  other  died,  making 
seven  animals  thus  far  inoculated  by  one  glan- 
dered horse.  These  cases  show'  the  necessity 
existing  for  competent  veterinary  surgeons  who 
have  been  regularly  educated  in  the  same  manner 
as  are  human  medical  practitioners. 

In  my  private  correspondence  with  veterinary 
surgeons,  I  learn  that  glanders  is  rapidly  spread- 
ing  all  over  the  country.  Dr.  Isaiah  Michener, 
of  ]3ucks  county.  Pa.,  writes  to  me  as  follows  : 
"  I  have  just  returned  from  a  trip  to  see  two 
cases  of  laryngitis,  accompanied  with  enlarge- 
ment of  the  sub-maxillary  gland,  and  adhesive- 
ness of  the  matter  discharged  from  the  nose, 
that  led  me  to  suspect  that  glanders  might  have 
been  lying  dormant  in  the  system,  until  provoked 
to  a  development  by  the  above  disease ;  but  more 
anon.  One  other  case  seen  to-day  was  bought  at 
a  sale  of  condemned  government  horses ;  he  is  dis- 
charging freely  from  both  nostrils ;  no  enlarge- 
ment of  the  glands  or  evidence  of  the  schneiderian 
membrane  being  aflFected;  still  I  consider  that 
glanders  is  lurking  in  his  system,  in  the  form 
of  tubercles   in   the   lungs.     I   was   called  last 

spring  to  see  a  case  of  glanders  that  a  Mr.  

had  been  treating  for  several  weeks,  telling  the 
owner  at  every  visit  that  there  was  no  glanders 
about  the  horse,  and  he  would  cure  him.  The 
case  was  well  defined,  and  no  man  who  knows 
anything  about  the  symptoms  of  glanders  could 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY.  161 

for  a  moment  be  in  doubt,  Tbis  week  I  was 
called  to  see  anotber  case,  also  an  army  borse, 
treated  by  tbe  same  party  for  tbree  montbs, 
assuring  the  owner  tbat  tbere  was  no  danger,-  as 
be  did  not  bave  tbe  glanders,  because  tbe  dis- 
cbarge was  from  tbe  rigbt  nostril,  together  witb 
other  %ay  saes  equally  absurd.  The  owner, 
strangely  impressed  witb  tbe  idea  of  glanders, 
removed  the  animal  from  bis  other  stock,  not- 
withstanding bis  professional  adviser  assured 
him  tbere  was  no  danger,  and  that  be  was  un- 
necessarily cautious. 

"  I  was  called  last  week  to  see  a  horse  which 
tbe  owner  said  bad  tbe  distemper,  but  on  exami- 
nation I  found  it  was  glanders,  which  tbe  owner 
was  very  unwilling  to  believe,  and  insisted  tbat 
I  should  give  him  medicine.  This  borse  was 
also  from  tbe  army." 

Gr.  W.  Bowler,  veterinary  surgeon,  Cincinnati, 
informs  me  that  glanders  is  spreading  at  a  fearful 
rate  since  tbe  sale  of  government  horses  in  that 
vicinity. 

T.  B.  Rayner,  veterinary  surgeon,  of  Chest- 
nut Hill,  Philadelphia,  informs  me  that  many 
cases  bave  recently  come  under  bis  notice. 

On  passing  up  Filbert  street,  Philadelphia,  tbe 
other  day,  in  company  witb  B.  McClure,  V.  S., 
and  several  of  the  students  of  tbe  Veterinary 
College,  my  attention  was  attracted  to  an  army 
horse  belonging  to  the  20th  cavalry  regiment : 
this  animal  had  tetanus  (locked  jaw)  in  its  worst 
form ;  tied  to  the  same  post  was  anotber  animal 
14* 


462  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 

badly  affected  with  farcy  glanders — that  is,  the 
two  stages  of  glanders  combined.  These  horses 
were  waiting  their  turn  to  be  shod  at  a  shoeing 
shop  in  the  neighborhood.  In  close  proximity 
to  these  animals  were  some  ten  or  a  dozen  other 
horses,  the  owners  of  which  were  perfectly  inno- 
cent of  the  danger  in  which  their  animals  were 
placed.  Qualified  veterinary  surgeons  in  the 
army  would  prevent  all  such  occurrences.  The 
horse  with  locked  jaw  cannot  be  used  for  any 
purpose,  and  it  would  not  be  a  matter  of  surprise 
if  he  did  not  reach  his  camp. 

I  have  condemned  several  horses  as  glandered 
during  the  last  few  months,  some  of  which  were 
afterwards  sold,  with,  of  course,  a  guilty  know- 
ledge, to  other  parties  innocent  of  the  nature 
of  the  disease.  Such  men  should  be  held  re- 
sponsible by  law  for  all  damage  resulting  from 
such  a  sale.  Did  these  parties  know  the  weight 
of  the  responsibility  which  rests  upon  them,  they 
would  not  for  a  few  paltry  dollars  sacrifice  the 
property  and  often  the  lives  of  their  fellow-men. 

R.  McClure,  Y.  S.,  says  :  "  The  symptoms  of 
glanders  are  to  be  studied,  not  with  a  view  to  its 
cure,  which  is  at  all  times  dangerous  to  attempt, 
as  there  is  the  risk  of  contagion  to  him  who 
attempts  it;  but  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  and 
diagnosing  truly  that  it  is  glanders,  that  being 
all  that  can  repay  for  the  trouble,  in  order  that 
the  animal  be  destroyed  at  once,  as  it  is  not  fit 
to  live  upon  the  face  of  the  earth,  with  contami- 
nation following  in  its  wake. 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  163 

BEWARE    OF    GLANDERED    HORSES. 

There  is  one  point  upon  which  we  desire  to 
caution  our  readers — a  point  which  we  deem  all- 
important,  and  which,  we  trust,  will   challenge 
their   earuest   and   prompt    consideration.      As 
rapidly  as  army  horses,  whether  from  disease  or 
accident,  become  unfit  for  service,  they  are  put 
up  at  auction  and  sold  to  the  highest  bidder.    As 
the  prices  obtained  for  them  are  not  large,  many 
farmers  are  induced  to  make   purchases.     It  is 
now  a  well-established  fact,  that  that  most  loath- 
some, contagious,  and  fatal  disease,  the  glanders, 
prevails  to  a  large  extent  among  the  army  horses, 
and  that,  of  those   already  sold,    a  great  many 
have  been   afflicted  with   it.     These   glandered 
animals  have    been    distributed    through    every 
section  of  the  country,  and  it  is  a  notorious  fact 
that  there  are  now  ten  cases  of  this   dangerous 
disease  among  our  farm-horses,  where  there  was 
a  single  one   two  years   since.     What  is  to   be 
done   in  such  a  case?     Shall  this   introduction 
of  a  most  pestilent  disease  be  permitted  to  go 
on  ?     If  it  be,  we  may  confidently  look  forward 
to   the    almost   complete    extermination    of   our 
horses ;  for  the  facility  with  which  the  disease 
communicates  itself  from  one  animal  to  another, 
and  the  speedy  and  fatal  termination  of  the  dis- 
ease, where  it  is  the  result  of  contagion,  point  to 
no  other  result.      The    government   should    at 
once  take  this  matter  in  hand,  and  remedy  the 
crying  evil,  by  ordering  the  immediate  killing 
of  every  glandered  horse  in  the  army. —  CuUurist. 


164  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

GLANDERED   HORSES. 

Written  for  the  "National  Union,"  by  G.  W.  Bowler,  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  Cincinnati. 

In  consequence  of  the  many  reports  received 
of  the  increased  number  of  glandered  horses  in 
various  parts  of  the  United  States,  it  becomes 
our  duty  to  make  some  inquiries  as  to  the  cause 
of  such  a  malignant  and  fatal  disease,  as  well  as 
to  use  such  measures  as  will  mitigate  it.  I  have 
no  doubt  but  that  it  can  be  accounted  for  in  the 
following  manner :  We  are  well  aware  of  the  bad 
treatment  which  the  horses  belonging  to  the  army 
receive,  not  only  in  the  manner  in  which  they 
are  stabled,  but  in  the  feeding  of  the  animal ; 
and  where  a  large  number  of  horses  are  crowded 
together,  without  any  regard  to  cleanliness  or 
protection  from  the  cold  and  wet,  disease  in  some 
form  must  necessarily  ensue.  Thousands  of 
valuable  animals  are  annually  being  sacrificed  in 
the  United  States  army,  through  ignorance,  which 
might  otherwise  have  been  saved,  was  there  but 
some  little  system  adopted  to  prevent  it;  but, 
where  hundreds  of  animals  are  crowded  together, 
regardless  of  proper  shelter  from  the  weather, 
and  under  the  control  of  persons  who  know  little, 
if  anything,  about  the  proper  care  of  horses,  why, 
nothing  short  of  disease  of  a  malignant  character 
can  be  expected.  The  very  plan  to  propagate 
such  diseases  as  glanders  and  farcy  is  daily 
practised  among  horses  of  the  United  States 
Army;  for  it  is  well  known  by  all  medical  men, 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  165 

ttat  undue  exposure  to  the  weather,  transition 
from  heat  to  cold,  improper  feeding,  uncleanli- 
ness,  and  bad  ventilation,  are  the  very  means  to 
bring  about  such  diseases  as  glanders,  farcy,  and 
other  diseases  of  a  debilitating  character. 

One  day  the  animals,  as  I  have  been  informed 
by  persons  in  the  Grovernment  service,  will  have 
more  food  placed  before  them  than  they  can  pos- 
sibly consume,  and  probably  for  several  days 
previous  they  have  been  on  the  verge  of  starva- 
tion, eager  to  devour  almost  anything  within 
their  reach,  not  excepting  the  fences  they  were 
tied  to.  How  then  can  anything  else  be  expected, 
but  a  great  many  of  them  will  die  from  disease  of 
the  bowels  or  stomach  ? 

Catarrhal  affections  are  very  naturally  to  be 
expected  amongst  a  large  number  of  horses  ex- 
posed to  the  various  changes  of  the  weather ;  but 
do  not  a  great  many  of  these  affections,  for  want 
of  proper  treatment,  run  into  glanders  ?  That 
they  do,  I  have  not  the  shadow  of  a  doubt ;  but 
as  the  government  does  not  employ  competent 
persons  to  examine  the  horses  regularly,  why  the 
disease  runs  on ',  the  glandered  horse  coming  in 
contact  with  his  associates  transfers  it  to  them, 
and  thus  the  disease  is  spread  throughout  the 
camp.  Furthermore  than  this,  not  only  are  the 
horses  in  danger  of  communicating  the  disease 
to  their  own  species,  but  are  in  danger  of  trans- 
ferring the  disease  to  the  persons  who  have 
charge  of  them,  ai^d  who  little  know  the  fearful 
risk  they  are  incurring,  of  becoming  inoculated 


166         iiORSE-TiiAiNrNa  madk  easy. 

l)y  tlio  poisonoiiH  in;iU.(T.  A  Hiinpl(3  scratcli  on 
tlio  han(J,  hIiohM  a  jHH-tion  of  the  <j;ljin(]cd  niattor 
coiric  in  contact  with  it,  would  be  Huflici(M»t  to 
inoculate  a  person,  the  result  of  which  would  be, 
a  moHt  terrible  death. 

For  tlie  Hpcicial  b(uiefit  of  .such  per.sonH  as  may 
be  emi)l()y(Mi  about  tlu;  (Government  hor.scH,  I  will 
^ive  a  brief  account  of  the  nature,  cause,  and 
dia^noaiH  of  glanderH,  in  order  to  put  tlie  inex- 
perienced on  their  <^uard,  (jilanderH  is  a  disease 
of  a  most  loaihsoine  and  malignant  character, 
occurring  far  more  fnupnuitly  in  the  horse  than 
any  otlier  animal  J  still  1  am  inclined  to  believe 
that  it  rages  with  far  more  violence  when  com- 
municated to  the  ass  or  muh;,  than  it  does  even 
in  th(!  liorse.  Anotluu-  im])ortant  fact  in  regard 
to  the  loathsome  disease,  and  which  ought  always 
to  be  borne  in  mind  by  those  emf)loyed  a})out 
stables,  where  tlie  disease  is  likely  to  exist,  is 
tliat  it  is  not  confined  to  the  Cfjuine  species,  but 
is  readily  communicated  to  tlie  liuman  being. 
The  only  dolnestic  animals  whicli  appear  to  bo 
free  from  contamination  are  the  ox  and  the  shocp, 
which  do  not  appear  to  take  the  disease  even  by 
inoculation. 

GLANDERS  IN  THE  HUMAN  I5ETNG. 

The  path  of  propriety  and  of  duty  evidently  is 
to  put  the  farnuir  and  horse-proprietor  on  their 
guard,  ^riie  ex})eri('.nce  of  every  age,  and  I  would 
Bay  of  every  man  who  has  seen  country  practice, 


HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY.  167 

teaches  him  that  a  glandered  horse  can  rarely 
remain  long  among  sound  ones  without  serious 
mischief  ensuing.  It  is  affirmed  that  glanders  is 
communicated  to  the  human  being.  That  a 
loathsome  and  fatal  disease  results  from  inocu- 
lation with  the  matter  of  glanders  is  undoubted  : 
I  am  aware,  indeed,  of  one  case  which  goes  a 
great  way  towards  establishing  the  identity  of  the 
disease.  One  of  the  feeders  in  the  Badsworth 
hunt  cut  himself  while  preparing  a  farcied  leg 
for  the  hounds;  he  died  within  a  week.  A  day 
or  two  before  his  death  an  ass  was  inoculated  with 
the  matter  from  some  of  the  sores  that  broke  out 
about  him,  and  died,  evidently  glandered. — 
Yonait's  Lectures. 

A  man  aged  twenty-three  was  admitted  into 
8t.  Thomas's  Hospital;  he  complained  of  much 
pain  in  the  head  and  became  delirious,  to  miti- 
gate which,  leeches  were  applied  to  the  forehead; 
he  then  spoke  of  wandering  and  acute  pains 
everywhere,  indicating  some  rheumatic  affection; 
a  tumor  appeared  upon  the  hand  and  another  on 
tho^foot,  seemingly  of  a  gangrenous  nature;  the 
pain  in  the  head  would  again  return  attended  by 
delirium,  so  that  he  was  compelled  to  be  strapped 
on  his  bed;  and  all  the  while  his  flesh  was  wasting 
and  his  strength  diminishing.  On  questioning 
the  poor  fellow,  it  was  ascertained  that  he  had 
had  a  glandered  horse  under  his  care  a  month 
before,  and  that  the  discharge  from  the  nose  had 
come  upon  his  hands.  The  case  was  now  suf- 
ficiently plain;  but  the  patient  was  too  far  gone 


168  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

to  admit  of  tlie  slightest  hope.  Previous  to  liis 
death  lie  said,  "I  am  dying,  I  shall  die  soon, 
hut  I  shall  die  happy; — I  know  now  I  am  gkn- 
dered — I  shall  die  as  my  horses  do — I  shall  die 
happy.'^ — Veterinarian,  1833. 

A  case  is  mentioned  in  the  '■'■  Lancet"  of  1834, 
of  a  Mr.  Norhrook,  who  punctured!  a  blister  on 
his  knee  with  a  lance  with  which  he  had  pre- 
viously been  bleeding  a  horse ;  some  of  the  blood 
remained  on  the  blade,  from  this  he  was  inocu- 
lated, and  died  a  horrid  death. 

"  This  school  has,  in  the  year  just  expiring, 
added  another  mournful  case  to  those  previously 
recorded  in  the  hospitals  of  the  biped,  of  the 
communication  of  glanders  to  \h^  human  being." 
—Alfort  College  Record,  1838. 

Dr.  Barham,  of  Truro,  reports  a  case  of  glan- 
ders in  the  "  Veterinarian' '  of  1840,  in  the  per- 
son of  Joseph  Pascoe,  aged  22,  resulting  in  death. 

A  young  man  named  P.  Kelley,  aged  twenty, 
was  admitted  into  Richmond  hospital  on  the  26th 
August  1838.  On  admission  his  face  presented 
that  peculiar  aspect  which  is  so  characteristic  of 
glanders ;  the  left  half  was  very  much  swollen, 
tense,  and  shining,  the  redness  fading  away 
gradually  and  becoming  lost  in  the  surrounding 
integuments.  He  stated  that  he  had  always  been 
healthy,  and  when  questioned  as  to  the  nature  of 
his  occupation,  said  that  he  had  been  employed 
for  the  last  four  months  in  attending  horses  that 
were  glandered ;  he  did  not  recollect  that  he  had 
a  wound  or  sore  on  either  hand;    he   had   not 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  169 

drank  out  of  any  vessel  used  Iby  tlie  horses,  nor 
had  lie  slept  in  tlie  stable.  He  died  on  the  29th. 
—  D^iblin  Journal  of  Medical  Science,  1841. 

Mr.  Rocher,  medical  student  at  the  hospital  of 
Necker,  was  charged  with  the  dressing  of  a 
patient  affected,  first,  with  chronic  farcy,  and 
subsequently  with  acute  glanders,  under  which 
he  died.  In  a  few  days  Mr.  Rocher  showed 
evidences  of  the  disease,  and  died  glandered,  six- 
teen days  from  the  commencement  of  the  disease. 
— Lancet,  1841. 

In  the  latter  part  of  May  I  was  requested  to 
see  Andrew  Foot,  aged  thirty-six,  who  presented 
all  the  symptoms  of  glanders.  I  could  not  dis- 
cover any  appearances  of  his  having  been  inocu- 
lated, but  having  seen  a  glandered  horse  some 
time  since,  and  thinking  the  above  unfortunate 
case  so  much  resembled  that  of  this  horse,  I  was 
induced  to  inquire  of  the  owner  whether  there 
was  anything  the  matter  with  either  of  his 
horses,  when  he  told  me  that  one  of  them  was 
laid  up  with  a  bad  cold.  On  examining  the  ani- 
mal it  proved  to  be  a  decided  case  of  gknders. 
The  horse  died  in  ten  days  afterwards ;  Mr.  Foot 
died  also. — Provincial  Medical  Journal. 

In  the  hospitals  at  Paris,  according  to  the  ac- 
counts of  the  medical  journals,  the  cases  of  glan- 
ders among  men  have  been  less  frequent  than  iu 
any  preceding  years.  Sidon,  a  veterinary  sur- 
geon, published  a  paper  in  France,  in  which  he 
stated  that  glanders  was  transmissible  from  the 
horse  to  man,  causing  the  worst  kinds  of  ulcers. 
15 


170  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  "EASY. 

He  mentions  an  instance  in  which  a  horse  was 
affected  by  the  disease  from  a  farrier  who  had  a 
glandered  sore  on  his  hand,  which  came  in  con- 
tact with  the  animal  while  he  was  giving  it  a 
ball.  The  man  and  the  horse  both  died  with  the 
disease. 

A  groom,  named  Provost,  slept  in  a  stable  at 
Paris,  occupied  by  a  glandered  horse.  Some 
days  after  the  death  of  the  animal  Provost  was 
attacked  with  the  same  disease  and  died. 

Mr.  Hamerton,  surgeon  to  the  Castle-town  Dis- 
pensary, has  placed  upon  record  three  cases  of 
acute  glanders  in  the  human  subject,  all  running 
the  same  course,  and  terminating  fatally,  and  all 
traceable  to  the  same  cause,  i.  e.,  contagion  from 
a  diseased  horse. —  Veterinarian.,  1843. 

A  vine-grower,  in  drenching  a  glandered  horse, 
was  bitten  on  the  cheek ;  fifteen  days  after  he 
died  glandered. —  Vet.  1844. 

The  patient,  whom  I  saw  several  times  during 
the  progress  of  the  malady,  was  Thomas  Whit- 
taker,  whose  case  was  clearly  one  of  inoculation. 
The  poor  fellow  was  bald-headed,  and  received  a 
slight  scratch  on  his  scalp  which  cost  him  his 
life.  He  recollected  wiping  the  perspiration  off  his 
head  with  his  dirty  hands  ]  and  as  the  scratch  in 
his  scalp  first  showed  the  true  character  of  a  farcy 
ulcer,  there  can  be  little  doubt  as  to  the  inocula- 
tion having  taken  place  at  the  time  of  skinning 
the  farcied  horse.  He  survived  the  inoculation 
twenty-one  days.  Robert  Pick,  an  old,  faithful, 
and  I  believe,  valued^  servant  to  the  gentleman 


HORSlf-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  171 

who  owned  the  farcied  pony,  was  the  subject  of 
the  second  lamentable  case,  which  is  considered 
one  of  infection;  and  the  infection  is  supposed 
to  have  been  conveyed  by  the  fetid  breath  of  the 
animal,  while  the  poor  man  was  in  the  act  of 
giving  some  mucilage  of  linseed  to  the  pony  a 
few  hours  before  his  death.  A  few  hours  after 
the  death  of  the  pony,  Dick  complained  of  being 
unwell,  and  of  having  pain  in  his  knee.  At  first 
the  pain  was  regarded  as  rheumatism,  but  ulti- 
mately proved  to  be  that  of  farcy,  as  that  disease 
showed  itself  in  its  true  character  and  virulence, 
which  ended  the  suffering  patient's  life  on  the 
twenty-second  day  after  he  had  inhaled  the  fetid 
breath  of  the  animal. —  Vet.  1846. 

"  Within  the  last  quarter  two  veterinary  sur- 
geons— one  residing  in  Walworth,  and  the  other 
in  Wolverhampton — are  reported  as  having  died 
from  inoculation  of  glanders.  This  terrible  dis- 
ease is  not  often  seen  in  Scotland,  but  very  fre- 
quently in  England,  and  still  more  so  in  Ireland. 
From  the  latter  circumstance,  the  malady  is  often 
found  to  be  imported  about  the  west  coast  of 
Scotland.  London  has  always  been  renowned 
for  the  prevalence  of  glanders  among  omnibus, 
cab,  and  other  horses.  A  very  strict  supervision 
is  maintained,  and  all  glandered  horses  are  des- 
troyed when  discovered;  but  nevertheless,  we 
can  state  on  good  authority  that  the  omnibus 
horses  of  Lo^on  have  suffered  very  severely 
from  this  disease,  and  do  so  still.  The  partial 
measures  adopted  by  companies  are  not  sufficient 


172  HORSE -TRAINING  MADE  EAST. 

to  eradicate  it,  and  the  "glandered  night  team" 
is  not  altogether  a  thing  of  the  past.  The  danger 
to  human  life  is  so  great  that  we  feel  happy  to 
seize  an  opportunity  to  urge  the  adoption  of  the 
most  effectual  measures  for  the  suppression  of 
any  practice  which  tends  to  prolong  the  life  of 
the  glandered  horse." 

Another  case,  as  published  in  the  Herald  of 
Reform^''  is  as  follows : — 

"  Mr.  J.  Burns,  a  grocer,  in  Baltimore,  died  a 
horrid  death  in  that  city,  a  few  days  ago,  in  con- 
sequence of  poison  communicated  to  his  system 
from  a  horse  afflicted  with  glanders.  During  the 
administration  of  medicine  Mr.  B.  thrust  into  the 
animal's  mouth  his  hand,  a  finger  of  which  had 
been  previously  cut,  and  the  flesh  laid  open. 
Through  this  wound  the  virus  was  absorbed,  and 
mortification  supervened.  A  surgeon  was  called 
upon  to  amputate  the  diseased  member.  Per- 
ceiving, however,  that  the  poison  had  penetrated 
to  every  portion  of  the  unfortunate  man's  system, 
he  declined  performing  the  operation,  and  stated 
that  no  earthly  skill  could  save  his  life.  After 
lingering  in  great  agony,  death  closed  the  scene. 

Still  Another  —  Death  or  a  Kussian 
Lady  from  Glanders.  —  The  awful  death  of 
Madame  Palesikoff,  one  of  the  most  charming 
amongst  all  that  bevy  of  charming  Russian  ladies 
who  sometimes  gladden  the  winters  of  Paris,  has 
created  a  terrible  shock  amongst  ffche  circles  she 
so  lately  embellished  by  her  presence.  The  un- 
happy lady  left  Paris  but  a  short  time  ago,  on  a 


HORSE-TRAININa  MADE  EASY.  173 

summer  tour  to  Germany.  Wliile  stepping  from 
the  door  of  the  opera-house  in  Berlin,  to  gain 
her  carriage,  she  let  fall  one  of  her  bracelets  close 
to  the  pavement.  Stooping  to  pick  it  up,  she 
noticed  at  the  time,  laughingly,  that  '^  one  of  the 
horses  belonging  to  a  carriage  standing  at  hand, 
dropped  his  head  so  close  to  her  face,  that  he  had 
touched  her,  and  left  a  moist  kiss  upon  her 
cheek."  In  a  few  days  the  unfortunate  lady  was 
taken  ill  with  that  most  horrible  disease,  glan- 
ders, and  in  a  few  day  more  breathed  her  last,  in 
spite  of  the  attendance  of  the  first  physicians 
of  Berlin,  and  every  resource  to  be  obtained  by 
wealth,  or  by  the  ceaseless  vigilance  of  friends. 
—  Court  Journal. 

In  March,  1853,  a  messenger  named  Meignan, 
of  the  commune  of  Chemilli,  consulted  a  quack 
by  the  name  of  Moyne  about  a  discharge  aifect- 
ing  one  of  his  horses.  Moyne,  who  passed  in 
the  country  as  formerly  a  pupil  of  the  veterinary 
school  at  Alfort,  and  even  assumed  in  his  prac- 
tice the  title  of  veterinary  surgeon,  declared,  after 
having  examined  Meignan's  horse,  that  he  was 
affected  with  "  strangles,"  but  that  Meignan 
might  use  him  and  treat  him  without  any  risk 
of  harm,  and  that  he  would  answer  for  his  re- 
covery. 

Meignan,  equally  simple  and  confiding,  followed 
this  dangerous  advice.  He  made  use  of  his  horse, 
treated  and  groomed  him  according  to  the  instruc- 
tions given — in  fact,  was  too  faithful  an  executor 
of  the  prescriptions  of  a  man  in  whom  he  had 
15* 

4 


174  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY. 

placed  his  confidence :  lie  would  daily  wipe  tlie 
nostrils  of  the  horse  clean  with  his  pocket  hand- 
kercnief,  lest  he  might  be  found  fault  with  by 
the  authorities  of  the  villages  he  was  necessitated 
to  pass  through.  Such  care  became  to  him  fatal. 
On  the  7th  of  April,  this  unfortunate  messenger 
fell  a  victim  to  the  effects  of  the  farcino-glander- 
ous  attack  contracted  from  his  horse.  Some  days 
after  his  death,  M.  Pangoue,  veterinary  surgeon, 
called  in  by  the  authority,  pronounced  that  the 
horse  of  this  unfortunate  man  was  affected  with 
acute  glanders,  and  recommended  accordingly  his 
immediate  destruction.  Our  brethren,  MM.  Pan- 
goue and  Bresson,  communicated  to  us  this  fact, 
as  another  proof  of  the  danger  of  empiricism. 

In  mentioning  a  similar  case  where  two  horses 
were  glandered,  M.  Pangoue  says :  *'  For  the 
last  fortnight  these  horses  had  been  treated  by 
the  proprietor  himself,  who,  in  the  course  of  that 
time,  contracted  the  glanders  in  spite  of  all  the 
precautions  I  had  strongly  urged  him  to  take, 
not  doubting  but  that  he  exposed  himself  to  great 
risks.  Notwithstanding  one  could  not  positively 
assert  the  channel  through  which  contagion  had 
taken  place,  it  was  very  easy  to  suppose  what  the 
contagious  agent  was,  and  how  the  glandered 
virus  had  operated.  However  incomplete  this 
case  may  be  deemed,  especially  as  far  as  con- 
cerns the  unfortunate  subject  of  contagion,  do 
not  similar  details  to  those  I  have  just  related, 
exist  in  abundance,  and  prove  in  a  most  undeni- 
able manner  that  human  nature  enjoys  the  sad 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  175 

prerogative  of  contracting,  through  inoculation, 
a  disease  so  terrible  among  our  domestic  animals, 
and  one  which  veterinary  science  has  designated 
under  the  name  of  glanders. — Rec.  de  Med.  Yet. 
de  Sep.  1854. 

In  man  it  is  generally  produced  through  in- 
oculation of  the  matter  into  a  wound.  Whether 
it  can  be  contracted  by  infection,  through  the 
miasmata  arising  from  it,  without  actual  contact 
of  the  matter,  is  not  yet  quite  decided.  There 
are,  however,  some  grounds  for  believing  that  this 
disease  is  occasionally  propagated  by  infection  in 
the  horse;  and  that  the  effluvia  are  capable  of  com- 
municating some  form  of  malignant  fever,  although 
not  true  glanders,  to  the  human  subject.  But  the 
matter  from  the  abscesses  or  nasal  cavities  of  hu- 
man beings  is  capable  of  communicating  the 
disease  both  to  men  and  animals.  A  man  died 
of  glanders  in  St.  Bartholomew's  Hospital,  in 
1840,  and  the  nurse  who  attended  him  inoculated 
her  hand,  and  died  of  it  also  in  a  few  days ;  and 
two  kittens,  which  were  inoculated  from  the 
nurse,  became  affected  likewise.  Moreover,  the 
blood  of  a  glandered  horse  injected  into  the  veins 
of  a  healthy  one,  communicated  the  disease, 
although  no  abnormal  appearance  could  be  de- 
tected in  it  by  the  microscope. — Druitt's  Surgery. 

"  An  inquest  was  opened  at  the  Guildhall, 
Bath,  on  Friday  evening,  September  26th,  by 
A.  H.  English,  Esq.,  the  city  coroner,  on  the 
body  of  a  boy  who  died  from  glanders." — Veteri- 
narian, 1862. 


176  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

Death  from  Glanders.  —  A  blacksmith, 
named  George  Spence,  residing  at  Aunadarragh, 
and  aged  about  forty  years,  was  admitted  into 
tbe  County  Infirmary  on  tbe  27th  May  last,  suffer- 
ing from  glanders.  Notwithstanding  all  the 
efforts  of  medical  skill,  the  unfortunate  man 
expired  on  the  7th  ult.  This  loathsome  disease 
must  have  been  communicated  to  the  deceased 
by  some  horse  which  he  was  shoeing.  As  it  is 
now  well  known  that  glanders  is  incurable,  ani- 
mals infected  with  the  disease  should  be  des- 
troyed as  soon  as  the  first  symptoms  are  mani- 
fested.—  Veterinary  Review ^  1862. 

From  time  to  time,  cases  of  glanders  or  farcy 
are  reported  as  occurring  in  the  human  subject, 
but  the  frequency  with  which  such  reports  meet 
the  public  eye  bear  no  relation  to  the  actual 
number  of  cases  which  sire  observed.  As  with 
several  other  forms  of  disease  due  to  animal 
poisons,  there  are  many  cases  overlooked,  and 
never  diagnosed.  We  have  a  law  referring  to 
glandered  horses,  to  their  use  and  sale,  but  we 
can  state  from  experience  that  the  law  is  evaded. 
Veterinary  surgeons  are  not  disposed  to  insist  on 
the  immediate  slaughter  of  any  glandered  horse 
they  meet  with  in  practice.  Cases  of  farcy  are 
often  much  neglected,  and  the  result  is  the  spread 
of  disease.  Information  has  reached  us  of 
glandered  horses  sold  by  public  auction,  of  ani- 
mals similarly  affected  being  worked  in  London 
omnibuses,  and  it  is  well  known  that  glanders 
has  proved  unusually  destructive  within  the  last 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  177 

two  or  three  years  amongst  the  horses  of  our 
cavalry  regiments. 

Ireland  is  no  doubt  the  division  of  the  United 
Kingdom  in  which  there  are  most  cases  of  glan- 
ders in  man  and  horses.  In  the  report  of  the 
Census  Commissioners  for  1851,  we  find  the  fol- 
lowing remarks :  "  The  number  of  deaths  from 
this  cause  afi"orded  by  the  returns  of  1841  was 
but  eleven;  on  the  present  occasion  they  amount  to 
one  hundred  and  ninety-six,  viz.,  one  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  males  and  twenty-eight  females. 
"We  think  the  magnitude  in  the  returns  for  1851 
is  owing,  not  merely  to  a  greater  knowledge,  both 
medical  and  popular,  of  the  symptoms  of  the 
disease,  but  to  an  increase  of  these  affections, 
and  to  a  greater  negligence  on  the  part  of  per- 
sons engaged  in  the  care  of  horses.  Instances 
have  been  recorded  of  families  becoming  infected 
with  this  frightful  malady  from  residing  in  the 
same  apartments  with  diseased  animals.  In  our 
report  upon  the  statistics  of  disease,  we  have 
already  called  attention  to  the  subject  of  the  in- 
crease of  this  affection,  and  pointed  out  the 
necessity  which  exists  for  bringing  infected  ani- 
mals under  the  surveillance  of  the  police.  The 
seasons  show  the  following  great  varieties :  In 
spring  there  died  seventy-one  persons  from  this 
cause ;  in  summer,  fifty ;  in  winter,  forty-eight ; 
and  in  autumn,  but  twenty-nine.'^  —  Ytterino.ry 
Review^  1863, 

Law  respecting  glandered  horses  in  England, 
reads  thus :  ^  Any  person  who  shall  sell,  expose 


178  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EAST. 

for  sale,  or  keep  in  his  possession,  or  keep  or 
suffer  to  be  kept  on  his  premises,  or  lead,  drive, 
or  bring  in  or  into  any  street,  road,  or  public 
place,  any  horse  or  beast  affected  with  the  said 
disease,  or  any  disease  of  the  like  nature,  know- 
ing such  horse  or  beast  to  be  so  affected,  shall  be 
liable  to  a  fine  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  twenty 
pounds  ($100),  or,  in  default  of  payment,  to  be 
imprisoned  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  month." 

"  Any  justice  or  justices  may  order  any  horse  or 
other  beast  affected  with  the  said  disease,  together 
with  any  troughs,  litter,  hay,  straw,  or  other 
article  which  he  or  they  shall  judge  likely  to 
have  been  infected  thereby,  to  be  forthwith 
destroyed,  or  otherwise  disposed  of  in  such  man- 
ner as  he  or  they  shall  deem  proper." 

"In  1784,  a  law  was  enacted  by  the  French 
government  to  prevent  any  one  from  keeping  a 
glandered  horse,  under  a  penalty  of  one  hundred 
dollars.  Every  animal  suspected  of  glanders  had 
the  words  'suspected  animal'  impressed  with 
green  wax  on  his  forehead ;  and  the  penalty  for 
selling  such  an  animal,  or  offering  him  for  sale, 
was  one  hundred  dollars. 

"  Persons  having  suspected  animals  were  to 
report  the  same  to  the  mayor,  syndics  of  villages, 
or  other  proper  authorities,  under  a  penalty  of  one 
hundred  dollars.  Such  horses  were  then  inspected 
by  experienced  veterinary  surgeons,  appointed  by 
the  mayor  or  other  officer,  and,  if  found  glan- 
dered, were  destroyed.  If  only  suspected,  they 
were  marked  in  the  forehead  as  befoi%  described.'' 

The  foregoing  is  but  a  drop  in  the  bucket, 


HORSE-TRAINING   MADE   EASY.  179 

compared  with  the  recorded  evidence  upon  the 
subject  of  glanders;  time  and  space,  however, 
will  not  permit  a  further  extension  of  this  subject. 
Our  present  experience  in  the  United  States  of 
America  should  bring  us  to  the  level  of  Europe 
in  passing  laws,  ordinances,  on  the  subject  of 
glanders.  The  losses  already  sustained  by  our 
farmers  and  horsemen,  by  the  purchase  of  con- 
demned and  diseased  government  horses,  amount 
to  more  than  the  sum  realized  by  the  govern- 
ment, and  will  go  on  increasing  at  a  fearful  rate. 
We  are  told  that  the  glandered  horses  of  the 
army  have  been  shot  or  destroyed,  and  that  none 
are  offered  which  are  known  as  diseased.  Half 
an  hour  in  the  sales-yards  is  more  than  sufficient 
to  convince  a  competent  judge  to  the  contrary. 
It  is  evident  to  the  observer  that  the  malady 
exists  to  a  great  extent.  Where  is  the  fault  ?  Is 
it  not  obvious  that  the  officers  having  charge  of 
the  animals  offered  for  sale  are  not  competent, 
and  do  not  understand  the  disease  ?  How  many 
recognised  veterinary  surgeons  are  there  in  the 
employ  of  the  United  States  Grovernment  ?  None 
to  speak  of.  Before  sending  a  lot  of  horses  to 
any  place  for  public  sale,  every  animal  should  be 
thoroughly  inspected  by  the  most  competent  sur- 
geon, qualified  as  such,  a  graduate,  a  man  of  long 
experience  and  a  practitioner,  and  every  animal, 
even  suspected,  should  be  at  once  destroyed. 
Very  respectfully, 
R.  JENNINGS, 
Veterinary  Surgeon. 

Bordentown,  March  1st,  1864. 


VALUABLE  EECEIPTS 

FROM    THE    PRIVATE   RECEIPT-BOOK  OF   THE   AUTHOR. 


BALLS. 

R.     Barb.  Aloes      ...     1  dr. 

Calomel 1  scruple. 

Linseed  Meal    .     .  -  .     J  oz. 
Mix  with  molasses.     An  alterative,  used  for 
diseases  of  the  liver  principally;   given  once  a 
day. 

R.     Black  Antimony    .     .     1  oz. 
Sulphur  Flour       .     .     4  '^ 
Nitre  (pulv.)    .     .     .     1  " 
Mix  with  honey  and  divide  into  four  balls ;  an 
excellent«alterative. 

I     R.     Calomel i  dr. 

!  Linseed  Meal    .     .     .     1  oz. 

Mix  with  molasses ;  give  at  night,  and  follow 
in  the  morning  with  a  purgative  ball ;  a  vermi- 
fuge. 

R.     Oak  Bark    .     .     .     .     1  oz. 

Powdered  Opium  .     .     1  dr. 
Mix  with  molasses.     For  diarrhoea  in  horses. 

16  (181) 


182  HORSE-TRAINING   MADE  EASY. 


R. 

Ammonicum       .... 
Powdered  Squills    .     .     . 
iSerb.  Aloes        .... 
Linseed  Meal     .... 

2  drs. 
1    " 

1  " 

2  " 

Mix  with  molasses.     For  cough 

.- 

R.     Emetic  Tartar     .... 

Digitalis  (pulv.)      .     .     . 

Nit.  Potassa 

Powd.  Liquorice      .     .     . 
Mix  with  molasses.     For  fevei 
cattle. 

J  dr. 

2  " 
2  " 
r  in  horses  or 

R. 

Camphor  Gum   .... 

Nit.  Potassa 

Linseed  Meal      .... 

2  drs. 

3  " 

i  oz. 

Mix  with  molasses.     For  retention  of  urine. 

R. 

Barbadoes  Aloes      .     .     . 

Pulv.  G-inger      .... 

"     Gentian    .... 

6  drs. 
1    " 
1  t' 

Mix  with  water.     A  purgative. 

R. 

Barbadoes  Aloes     .     .     . 

Calomel 

Linseed  Meal     .... 

5  drs. 
1   " 
1   " 

Mix  with  molasses.     A  good  purge. 

R. 

Sulphate  of  Copper     .     . 
Sulphate  of  Zinc    .     .     . 

Aniseed 

Linseed  Meal     .... 

Idr. 
^   '^ 

1  « 

2  '' 

Mix  with  molasses.     A  good  tonic. 

VALUABLE   RECEIPTS. 


183 


R.     Iron  Filings 2  drs. 

Carbonate  of  Potash    .  ^.     2    " 
Powdered  Grentian .     .     .     2    "  . 

Mix  with  molasses.     A  good  tonic. 


POWDERS. 


R.     Sulphur 1  oz. 

Black  Antimony      .     .     .     J  " 
Saltpetre 1  '' 

An  alterative. 


Mix  all  together 


R.     Mustard  Seeds   . 

Sweet  Flag    .     . 

Juniper  Berries 

Flour  of  Sulphur 

Foenigreek  Seeds 
Mix;    dose,  one  tablespoonful. 
phoid  diseases. 


4  oz. 

4  " 

2  " 
6  '' 

3  '^ 

Good  in  tj- 


R.     Powdered  Gentian  .     .  .     2  oz. 

Cascarilla  (pulv.)    .     .  .     1  " 

Ginger  ''         .     .  .     2  " 

Mix ;  dose,  one  teaspoonful.  For  lost  appetite. 

R.     Calomel 1  dr. 

Sulphate  of  Potash      ,     .     1  oz.  • 
Powd.  Linseed  ....     1  '^ 

Mix.     Used  in  abdominal  inflammation. 


184            HORSE-TRAINING    MADE  EAST. 

R.     Sulphate  of  Potash      .     .  2  oz. 

Powd.  (jientian   .     .     .     .  ^  " 
Mix.     Used  in  colic. 

E,.     Iodide  of  Potassa   ...  1  dr. 

Chloride  of  Mercury   .     .  1  '* 

Powdered  Belladonna  .     .  ^  oz. 

White  Sugar      ....  1  ^' 

Mix,  and  divide  into  four  powders.     Put  upon 
the  tongue  for  sore  throat. 

R.     Powdered  Camphor      .     .  1  dr. 

''        Rhubarb      .     .  2  " 

'(        Opium    .     .     .  1  " 

Mix.     For  diarrhoea. 

R.     Burnt  Alum       .     .     .     .  4  oz. 

Sulphate  of  Iron     .     .     .  2  " 

Sulphate  of  Copper     .     .  1  " 

Camphor 2  drs. 

Mix.     For  thrush  or  canker. 

MIXTURES. 

R.     Linseed  Oil  .     .     .     .     .  1  pint. 

Croton  Oil 10  drops. 

Mix.     A  purge. 

R.     Linseed  Oil 1  pint. 

Assafoetida 2  drs. 

Mix.     Good  in  flatulent  colic. 


VALUABLE   RECEIPTS.  185 

K.     Camplior 2  drs. 

kSulphuric  Ether     .     .     .     4   " 
Acetate  of  Ammoni3,   ,     .     4  oz. 

Mix.     Used  in  typhoid  diseases. 

R.     Quinine ^  dr. 

Sulphuric  Acid  .     .     .     .     J  " 
Water 1  pint. 

Mix,  and  give  in  warm  gruel.     A  good  tonic. 


LINIMENTS. 

E,.     Mercurial  Ointment     .     .  1  oz. 

Liquor  Ammonia    .     .     .  2  " 

Camphor  ......  1  dr. 

Sweet  Oil      .....  4  9z. 

Mix.     In  skin  diseases. 

R.     Oil  of  Turpentine  .     .     .  1  oz. 

Tincture  of  Opium      .     .  1  " 

Soap  Liniment   .     .     .     .  1  '' 

Tincture  of  Capsicum .     .  i  " 

Mix.     A  good  liniment. 

R.     Extract  of  Opium  ...  2  drs. 

Groulard's  Extract  .     .     .  2  oz. 

Water ^  pint. 

Mix.     Used  in  inflammatory  swellings. 

16* 


186  HORSE-TRAINING    MADE   EASY. 

R.     Tincture  of  Myrrh       .     .     4  oz. 
Tincture  of  Aloes  .     .     .     2  " 
Water J  pint. 

Mix.     For  galls,  sore  mouth*  &c. 


BLISTERS. 


R.     Pulv.  Cantharides  . 
Spirits  of  Turpentine 
Powd.  Euphorbium 
Oil  Origanum     .     . 
Lard 


Mix.     A  strong  blister. 


2  drs. 
2  " 
1  " 

1  " 

2  oz. 


R.     Cantharides  Ointment      .     2  oz. 
Tartar  Emetic    ....     1  dr. 
Mix.     A  powerful  blister. 


DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S 

HORSE  AND  CATTLE  MEDICINES 


Are  acknowledged  by  all  who  have  used  them  to 
be  superior  to  anything  of  the  kirfd  ever  offered  to 
the  public.  They  are  the  safest,  best,  and  cheapest 
preparations  known ;  the  safest,  because  they  do  not 
contain  any  deleterious  drugs ;  the  best,  because 
they  promote  the  general  health  of  the  animals,  and 
protect  them  from  attacks  of  disease ;  the  cheapest, 
because,  unlike  other  preparations,  they  do  not  re- 
quire, when  once  used,  to  be  continued  longer  than 
the  desired  end  is  obtained. 


DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  WORM  POWDERS, 

For  Horses,  Cattle,  Sheep,  &c. 

The  discovery  of  this  valuable  vegetable  prepara- 
tion was  purely  accidental,  it  never  having  been 
known  as  a  vermifuge,  and  rarely  used  in  medical 
practice.  The  success  which  has  attended  its  intro- 
duction has  far  exceeded  the  most  sanguine  expecta- 
tions of  the  subscribers.  This  Powder  is  safe  and 
efficient  for  the  removal  of  Worms  in  Horses,  Cattle, 
Sheep,  &c. 

Thousands  of  animals  die  annually  from  the  rav- 
ages of  these  pests,  without  the  true  cause  being 
even  suspected ;  especially  is  this  the  case  in  the 
young  of  the  Mare,  Cow,  Sheep,  and  Pig.  Deising, 
in  his  work  on  Entozoa,  mentions  twenty  varieties  of 
worms  belonging  to  the  Horse,  nineteen  to  the  Ox, 
sixteen  to  the  Sheep,  &c. ,  Yet,  veterinary  writers 

(187) 


(  188  ) 

have  mentioned  but  five  or  six  of  these  varieties  as 
belonging  to  our  domestic  animals,  the  symptoms  of 
T\'hich  have  been  but  very  imperfectly  described  by 
them. 

The  following  symptoms,  the  subscribers  have  dis- 
covered by  close  observation  during  a  period  of 
eighteen  years'  practice  as  Veterinary  Surgeons, 
but  not  all  in  die  same  animal.  Each  variety  of 
worm  has  its  own  characteristic  symptoms,  viz. : — In 
bots  we  rarely  have  loss  of  condition,  but  when  the 
bots  become  troublesome,  colicky  pains,  gasping, 
quickened  respiration,  staring  or  haggard  expression 
of  the  eye,  with  a  strong  tendency  to  inflammation 
of  the  bowels,  will  be  observed  ;  in  most  other  varie- 
ties of  worms  the  symptoms  are  debility,  feebleness, 
sluggish  movements,  emaciation,  staring  coat,  hide- 
bound, and  skin  covered  with  scurfy  blotches, 
rigidity  of  the  loins,  small  and  feeble,  but  slightly 
accelerated  pulse,  respiration  slow,  tucked-up  belly, 
pallid  appearance  of  the  lining  of  the  lip  (a  certain 
indication)  irregular,  capricious,  but  persistent  appe- 
tite, badly  digested  feeces,  agitation  of  heart  and  tail, 
and  where  the  ascarides  (fundament  worms)  exist,  a 
whitish,  or  yellowish  white  substance,  will  be  found 
about  the  fundament,  indicated  also  by  rubbing  the 
tail. 

Price  Fifty  Cents  per  Box. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higgins,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 
836  Sansom  St.,  Pliila.,  and  Bordentown,  Hf.  J. 


DR.  R.  JENMNGS'S  CONDITION  POWDERS 

Will  cure  Hide-bound,  Mange,  Surfeit,  and  all 
Eruptions  of  the  Skin,  Jaundice,  Diseases  of  the 
Kidneys  and  Bladder,  Swelled  Legs,  and  promote  a 
healthy  condition  of  the  system. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higglns,  Teterinary  Snrgeons, 
836  Sansom  St.,  Pbila.,  and  Bordentown,  IV.  J. 


(  189  ) 

DR.  H.  JENNINGS'S  TONIC  POWDERS, 

Por  Horses  and  Cattle. 
These  Powders  are  unequalled  for  promoting  a 
healthy,  glossy  appearance  of  the  coat.  They  are 
particularly  recommended  in  Throat  Distemper,  Ca- 
tarrhal Fever,  or  Typhoid  Influenza  (commonly 
called  Pink  Eye  Distemper),  Loss  of  Condition,  Loss 
.  of  Appetite,  and  all  derangements  of  the  Digestive 
Organs. 

Price  Fifty  Cents  per  Box. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higgins,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 

836  Sansom  St.,  Phila.,  atd  Bordentown,  N.  J. 

DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  COUGH  POWDERS. 

These  Powders  stand  without  a*  rival,  being  a  cer- 
tain cure  for  Distemper,  Strangles,  Chronic  Cough 
(used  in  connection  with  Sweating  Liniment),  &c. 
The  only  known  remedy  that  will  successfully  abate 
the  Heaves,  and  in  most  cases,  where  the  lungs  are 
not  involved,  effect  a  permanent  cure,  if  used  accord- 
ing to  directions. 

Price  Fifty  Cents  per  Box. 

Freparecl  only  by  Jenninss  &  Higgins,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 

836  Sansom  St.,  Pbila.,  and  Bordentown,  N.  J. 


DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  ANTISEPTIC  POWDERS 

Will  cure  Thrush,  Canker,  Scratches,  &c.,  in  the 
feet  of  Horses.  It  will  cure  Hoof  Ail  or  Foul  in  the 
feet  of  Cattle.  It  will  cure  Foot  Rot  or  Foul  in  the 
feet  of  Sheep  ;  it  rarely  fails  in  the  very  worst  cases. 
It  will  restore  healthy  action  in  unhealthy  wounds, 
foul  ulcers,  &c.,  &c.  Give  it  one  trial  and  be  con- 
vinced. 

Price  Fifty  Cents. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higgins,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 

836  Sansom  St..  Phlla.,  and  Bordentown,  N.  J. 


(  190  ) 
DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  ANODYNE  LINIMENT 

Is  one  of  the  best  preparations  ever  offered  to  the 
public  for  recent  injuries  in  man.  It  gives  speedy 
relief.  One  trial  is  sufficient  to  convince  the  most 
skeptical,  as  all  who  have  used  it  are  vrilling  to  tes- 

One  dose  internally  will  cure  any  ordinary  case  of 
Diarrhoea,  Cramp,  Colic,  &c.,  and  a  few  doses  will 
cure  the  worst.  It  is  not  an  astringent,  but  checks 
the  discharge  by  restoring  healthy  action  in  the  diges- 
tive organs.  It  is  an  excellent  remedy  for  Sprains, 
Bruises,  Acute  Rheumatism,  Sore  Throat,  Neuralgia, 
Pains  in  the  Back,  Side,  or  Loins,  Cramp,  Pains  in 
the  Limbs,  Stings  of  Insects,  Eruptions  from  poison- 
ous plants,  &c. 

Price  Fifty  Cents. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higarlns,  Teterinary  Surgeons, 
8o(i  Sanson!  St.,  Phila ,  and  Bordentown,  JV.  J. 


DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  SWEATING  LINIMENT. 

This  preparation  as  a  counter-irritant  is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  known  to  Veterinary  Surgeons,  in  all 
diseases  of  the  lungs  and  air  passages,  Sore  Throat 
or  Throat  Distemper,  the  early  stages  of  Poll-evil  or 
Fistula  of  the  Withers,  Enlarged  Glands,  Chronic 
Lameness,  Navicula  or  Lameness,  &c.  It  is  une- 
qualled for  subduing  Spavins,  Ringbones,  Splints, 
Exostosis,  Curbs,  Ossified  Cartilages,  or  any  Bony 
or  Callous  Enlargements.  It  does  not  leave  any 
blemish,  and  gives  universal  satisfaction.  Try  one 
bottle. 

Price  Fifty  Cents. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennlnsrs  &  HlffSfins,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 
836  Sansom  St.,  Pliila.,  and  Bordentown,  N.  J. 


(  191  ) 
DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  POPULAR  WORKS. 

The  Horse  and  his  Diseases        -       -       Price,  $1.75 

Cattle  and  their  Diseases       .       -       -  "        1.75 

Sheep,  Swine,  Poultry,  and  their  Diseases    "         1.75 

FOR  SALE  AT  HIS  OFFICES, 

No.  836  Sansom  St.,  Fhila.,  and  Bordentown,  N.  J. 

SENT  BY  MAIL  ON  RECEIPT  OF  PRICE. 

60,000  Copies  of  <<  Tlie  Horse  and  liis  Diseases" 
already  sold. 


DR.  R.  JENNINGS'S  CELEBRATED  HOOF 

OINTMENT. 

The  Greatest  Discovery  of  the  Age. 

For  Contracted  Hoof,  Thrush,  Quarter  or  Toe 
Crack,  Scratches,  Corns,  Fever,  or  Tenderness  in  the 
Feet,  from  Founder  or  other  causes,  Canker,  Grease, 
&c.,  &c. 

It  softens  the  Hoof,  restores  its  elasticity,  prevents 
Contraction,  Cracked  Hoof,  Corns,  &c.,  and  keeps 
the  feet  always  in  a  healthy  condition,  when  used 
according  to  directions. 

Price  One  Dollar  per  Box. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Higglns,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 
836  Sansom  St.,  Fhlla.,  and  BordenCown,  N.  J. 


KERR'S  EAST  INDIA  LINIMENT. 

The  formula  for  preparing  this  valuable  Liniment 
was  first  obtained  from  James  Kerr,  late  Veterinary 
Surgeon,  First  Bengal  Light  Cavalry,  by  a  cavalry  offi- 
cer in  the  British  Army,  of  whom  it  was  afterwards 
purchased  at  a  heavy  expense.  Forty  years'  expe- 
rience has  proved  it  to  be  the  very  best  Ciniment 
known    for   Colic,   Strains,   Sprains,   Rheumatism, 


(  192  ) 

Enlarged  Joints,  Swelled  Legs  or  Glands,  Sprung 
Knees,  Incipient  Spavin,  Strains  of  the  Back,  Capped 
Hock,  Stij&e  Lameness,  Blood  Spavin,  Curbs,  and  all 
injuries  of  Horses  and  Cattle,  where  an  embrocation 
is  required. 

It  is  equally  good  for  the  following  Diseases  in 
Man:  Sprains,  Bruises,  Rheumatism,  Sore  Throat, 
Neuralgia,  Pains  in  the  Limbs,  Stings  of  Insects,  &c. 

Price  One  Dollar. 

Prepared  only  by  Jennings  &  Hlgglns,  Veterinary  Surgeons, 
836  Sansom  St.,  Phlla.,  and  Bordentown,  N.  J. 

For  Sale  by  Druggists  and  Dealers  generally. 

WHOLESALE    AGENTS, 

GALL  &  ROBINSON.  No.  186  Greenwich  Street,  New 
York;  JENKS  &  MIDDLETON,  No.  160  North  Third 
Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  WILLIAM  H.  CHADWICK, 
West  Fourth  Street,  opposite  City  Spring,  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware;  and  by  the  Proprietors,  JENNINGS 
&  HIGGINS,  No.  836  Sansom  Street,  Philadelphia, 
and  Bordentown,  New  Jersey. 

NOTICE. 

Persons  at  a  distance  wishing  to  consult  Dr.  K. 
Jennings,  regarding  the  diseases  of  Horses,  Cattle," 
&c.,  can  do  so  by  letter,  giving  all  the  symptoms  as 
accurately  as  possible,  stating  age,  color,  how  fed, 
worked,  &c.,  and  enclosing  a  fee  of  $2.00. 

Address  JENNINGS  &  HIGGINS,  Veterinary  Surgeons 
No.  886  Sansom  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


